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Corals areCalcareous skeleton or fused skeletons of colonial coelenterates or the skeleton together with the animals (Polyps) which secrete it. Coral colonies grow continuously in size by budding of polyps and form extensive masses known as coral reef. A coral reef is a mound of lime stone, which is formed chiefly of CaCO3 secreted by Coral polyps, that serves as a home to animals and plants.

CLASSIFICATION

Coral forming polyps belong to the phylum Coelenterate and class Anthozoa. Class Anthozoa includes three sub-classes that are Octocorallia, Hexacorallia and Tabulata.

Subclass I – Octocorallia (Order: Stolonifera,Telestacea,Alcyonacea,Coenothecalia, Gorgonacea, Pennatulacea)

Subclass II – Hexacorallia (Zoanthidea, Actiniaria, Ceriantharia, Antipatharia, Madreporaria)

Subclass III – Tabulata (Extinct colonial anthozoans)

TYPES OF REEFS

Naturalist Charles Darwin’s theory of Coral formation is widely accepted. This theory recognizes three types of reefs.

Fringing reef: Fringing reefs border shore lines of continents and islands in tropical seas. Fringing reefs are commonly found in the south pacific Hawaiian Islands and parts of the Caribbean.

Barrier reef: Barrier reef occurs farther offshore. Barrier reefs form when land masses sink and fringing reefs become separated from shorelines by wide channels. The Great Barrier Reef off northern Australia in the Indo-pacific is the largest barrier reef in the world. Atoll: If the land mass is a small island, it may essentially disappear below the ocean surface and the reef becomes an atoll. Atolls are reefs that surround a central lagoon. Atolls commonly occur in the Indo-pacific.

DISTRIBUTION

Reef building corals are scattered throughout the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and Indo-pacific oceans, generally within 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S latitudes. Western Atlantic reefs include these areas – Bermuda, Bahamas, Caribbean islands, Belize, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. The Indo-pacific ocean region extends from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf through the India and Pacific oceans to the Western Coast of Panama.

CONDITION FOR THE FORMATION OF CORAL REEF

Reef building corals are generally found at depths of less than 150ft. (46m) where sun-light penetrates. Because reef Building Corals have a symbiotic relationship with a type of microscopic algae, sunlight is necessary for these corals to thrive and grow. Reef tends to grow faster in clean water. Clean water allows light to reach the symbiotic algae living with in the coral polyp’s tissue. Reef building corals required warm ocean temperatures (68 to 82OF or 20 to 28OC). Reef development is more abundant in area that is subject to strong wave action. Waves carry food, nutrients and oxygen to the reef, distribute coral larvae and prevent sediment from settling on the coral reef. Precipitation of calcium from the water is necessary to form a coral polyp’s skeleton, this precipitation occurs when water temperature and salinity are high and carbon dioxide concentrations are low.

THE CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM

The coral reef ecosystem is a diverse collection of species that interact with each other and the physical environment. The sun is the initial source of energy for this ecosystem. Reef building corals have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae, microscopic algae that live with coral polyps tissues. Through photosynthesis zooxanthellae convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates. The coral polyps use carbohydrates as a nutrient and oxygen for respiration and in turn return carbon dioxide to the zooxanthellae. The reef provides shelter for many animals, including sponges, sea anemones, Bryozoans worms, sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, crustaceans, molluscs, variety of fishes, sea turtles, sea snakes. Reefs are also formed in deep water. The deep water reefs are formed by deep water corals.

DEEP WATER CORALS

Deep water corals are found beyond the reach of sunlight and are adapted to the dark environment. Deep water coral polyps do not contain the symbiotic algae. Deep water coral rely on catching passing food in the water column. As a result corals grow very slowly. Deep water coral colonies tend to be found in areas where there are strong water currents, which supply food and remove sediments. Three main groups of corals make up deep watercoral communities: 1.Hard (Stony) corals of the order scleractinia, 2.Black and horny corals of the order Antipatharia, 3.And soft corals of the order Alcyonacea, which includes the gorgonians

IMPORTANCE OF CORALS

Corals remove and recycle carbon dioxide. Excessive amounts of Co2 gas contribute to global warming and reef help to reduce it. Reefs protect coast from strong currents and waves. Reefs provide resources for fisheries. Coral reef provides important medicines including anti-cancer drugs. Reefs provide protection and shelter to many marine animals.

THREAT TO CORAL REEFS

Water Pollution: Reefs are harmed when animal wastes, industrial wastes or fertilizers are dumped into the ocean; these pollutants increase the level of nitrogen, causing an overgrowth of algae, which harm the reefs by blocking off sunlight that polyps need to survive. Sedimentation: Construction along coasts, mining and farming along coastal rivers can lead to soil erosion. Silt from eroded soil end up in the ocean and cover coral reefs. This deprives corals from the light which they need to survive.

Destructive Fishing Practices: Destructive fishing practices are applied for catching fishes like cyanide fishing and blast fishing, which kill coral polyps, the symbiotic algae and other small organisms.

Coral Mining: Mining also destroys coral, coral pieces are removed for use as bricks or road fill or sand and limestone from coral reefs are made into cement for new buildings. Corals are also sold as coral jewellery.

Careless Tourism: Careless boating, driving snorkeling and fishing can also damage coral reefs. Corals are also harmed when people drop anchors on them. Also, the disposal of sewage from tourist resorts contributes to coral reef degradation.

Ocean Warming and Coral bleaching: Global warming is caused by the accumulation of CO2 and other heat trapping gasses in the atmosphere. These gases act as a blanket, preventing the neat of the sun to escape through our atmosphere, this is causing sea surface temperature to rise, increased water temperatures, can cause mass coral bleaching. This occurs when coral polyps stressed by heat expel the algae that live within them, algae are normally responsible for the colour of coral, so when they are expelled, the coral appears bleached or white. The symbiotic algae zooxanthellae are responsible for the colour of the coral belongs to the phylum Dinoflagellata. Also natural pigments in the coral tissue produce a range of colours including white, red, orange, green, blue and purple.

Carbon Dioxide: Increased amounts of carbon dioxide are dissolving into the water because in the past few decades, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air has increased as a result coral in waters with large amounts of carbon dioxide form weaker skeletons, making them more vulnerable to damage from waves.

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Copyright © 2005-2011 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

SANGEETA ROY AND RAJESH KUMAR MOHAPATRA

UTKAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA-751004

[email protected]

Survivorman South Pacific Season 2 Episode 6 part 5 Les is shipwrecked on a small atoll (Aitutaki) in the Cook Islands.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

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Coral, jewels, reefs

24
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Top Ten Beaches in the World

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Top Ten Beaches in the World

Top Ten Beaches in the World

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Home Page > Travel > Top Ten Beaches in the World

Top Ten Beaches in the World

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Posted: Sep 27, 2005 |Comments: 0
| Views: 879 |

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The sun, the soft sand sifting through your toes and fingers,
the salty wind blowing in from the sea, the sound of waves…the
ultimate holiday and vacation! If you’re like everyone else in
this world, you should be looking for some of the top beaches in
the world. And lucky for you, we have done the research on the
world’s most popular beaches and have listed them here for you
in no particular order.

The first one is Poipu Beach, Hawaii. If you believe in
Paradise, this is it. In terms of a beach, this is definitely a
world-class beach and should not be missed. Absolutely
breathtaking! Poipu Beach is recently named America’s top beach
by The Travel Channel with the most extensive golden sand and
provides a host of activities for travelers and beach-lovers.

The second on the list is Matira Beach, also another
not-to-be-missed beach! Matira Beach is one of those magical
islands of Bora Bora that makes up French Polynesia in the South
Pacific. Long and lazy stretches of beach with whispering shores
is what you can expect from Matira Beach. In fact, Matira Beach
is as magical and enchanting as it comes. It’s not called the
world’s most romantic beach for nothing. People flock to Matira
Beach to make proposals – imagine that!

Just when you thought there is nothing more to Mexico but
Tequila and snakes, in comes Maroma Beach. Maroma Beach is more
like a holiday resort getaway destination offering a combination
of luxurious resorts and spas; and 500 acres of beach and rain
forest.

Next on the list of top ten beaches are Pink Sands and South
Sands – nestled on the edges of Salcombe. A contending beach
would be the Ipanema Beach in Rio de Janeiro. The beaches are
filled with beach-goers almost all year round and who can blame
them? Inexpensive accommodation and traveling makes these
beaches the top few beaches in the world!

If you’re hooked on surfing, don’t forget to drop by Biarritz
Beach on a holiday. It’s an absolute haven for surfers with 2
large beaches and a myriad of smaller beaches in between. And
France also offers holiday-goers and beach-lovers a gem of a
beach in the form of the St. Tropez beach. Who doesn’t know that
St. Tropez is well known for its bikinis and beachwear
groundbreaking fashion rules? St. Tropez is a hot favorite among
Hollywood stars and is nestled along the French Riveria. It pays
that St. Tropez beach is also a short drive from Nice and Cannes.

Coming up next is the Clifton Beach on Cape Town, South Africa.
One of the most amazing sceneries can be found there. Imagine
enjoying the beach with the gorgeous Table Mountain as a
backdrop. There’s never anything quite like that on a beach. And
if you’re looking for a natural and exotic beach, you might want
to try out Anse de Argent beach in Seychelles. For
nature-lovers, Anse de Argent is heaven!

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Dakota Caudilla, journalist, and website builder Dakota Caudilla
lives in Texas. He is the owner and co-editor of
http://www.travel-and-play.com on which you will find a longer,
more detailed version of this article.

0

Beaches, World

23
Mar

Rangiroa Sunset

author: admin category: hot trends

Some cool south pacific images:

Rangiroa Sunset

Image by vgm8383
View On Black

Taken at the Hotel Kia Ora shortly after the sunset over the French Polynesian island (atoll) of Rangiroa.

Splash

Image by Phil Gibbs

22

Rangiroa, Sunset

23
Mar

Fidel Castro is not Augusto Pinochet

author: admin category: hot trends

by kcolwell

Fidel Castro is not Augusto Pinochet

Fidel Castro is not Augusto Pinochet

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Home Page > News and Society > Politics > Fidel Castro is not Augusto Pinochet

Fidel Castro is not Augusto Pinochet

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Posted: Mar 12, 2007 |Comments: 0
| Views: 677 |

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FIDEL CASTRO IS NOT AUGUSTO PINOCHET

By Alejandro Guevara Onofre

INTRODUCTION:

Since 1960 Fidel and Raul Castro have send a sinister example to Third World nations. The number of countries which democratically governed and respect human rights is decreasing since 2004.Today there are many dictatorships: Thailand, Venezuela, Zimbabwe…

OPPOSITION BY ANTI-PINOCHET GROUPS

Miss Chile,Jenny Purtho Arap, was eliminated in the first round at the Miss Universe Pageant on July 26, 1982, in Lima, Peru´s capital city. Certainly, she, a girl with charming personality and beautiful eyes, was the big favourite by the international journalism. I think that Chile should have been crowned Miss Universe in my country.I believe that she was robbed of title for political reasons.

One of the major problems which Chilean dictatorship had to face was the international boycott campaign.From 1973 to 1989 Chile suffered international sanctions. Different from Cuba, many countries did not have diplomatic relations with Augusto Ramon Pinochet Ugarte, who ruled from 1973 to 1990. Many Chileans did not get VISA, an example was Claudio Arrau, one of the best pianists in the history. The same history of Israel, Taiwan, Rhodesia (currently Zimbabwe) and South Africa (Apartheid).

Ironically, The People`s Republic of China and Romania recognized the Chilean dictatorship. Under the leadership of Mao Tse-tung and Jiang Qing, First Lady of the Chinese Revolution, China and Chile had maintained good diplomatic relations.However, Pinochet Ugarte was harshly attacked by the USSR, Cuba, East Germany, Mexico, Sweden, Italy and Norway.

In 1980 Ferdinand Marcos, dictator of Philippines, invited Augusto Pinochet to come to his country.On March, 1980, he left Santiago de Chile for Philippines and made transit stops in Fidji,an ex British colony, and Tahiti.When Augusto Pinochet arrived Suva, the capital city of Fiji, a small country in the South Pacific, some human rights activists were waiting for him.There were protests against Chilean dictator´s visit.His tour had already begun when the tour was cancelled abruptly at the last moment by the dictatorship Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos.

1976: In the Davis Cup final match , the Chileans lost to Italy, but the team from Chile had a particularly difficult tournament. In Rome, a group of people blocked the entrance to stadium before the match between Chile and Italy, chanting: “Pinochet is a dictator”…”He is a genocide”…Pinochet is Hitler”…and “Pinochet is the worst dictator in the history”.Certainly, Chile´s participation again became an issue.

Many famous people went to Festival Internacional de la Canción Viña del Mar, but they were criticized by human rights activists and journalists. Camilo Sesto, Spanish singer, was called “Camilochet”. In July 1978, the Mexican government objected to the presence of Miss Chile , Marianne Muller, in the Miss Universe Pageant beauty in Acapulco, Mexico.Another example:Jorge Luis Borges was considered one of the best writers in the 20th Centur.He was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize for Literature, but Borges was never awarded the Noble Prize by Swedish Academy.Why? In 1976 Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges visited Chile. Cuba would have wanted to have a writer like him…

The Chilean dictator Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet never was accepted by the Latin America Community and Third World countries.Pinochet became notorious for human rights abuses and corruption. From 1973 to 1989, more than 3,000 Chileans were killed by Pinochet`s Secret Police Force. His autocratic and anti-communism style of rule earned him many enemies.

THE STUDENT SURPASS THE TEACHER

In comparison to Augusto Pinochet and Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina, Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz , whose father was a Spanish immigrant, is not famous like dictator… He is called “Third World spokesman” Why? Unfortunately people that don´t know Cuba very much think that Castro is a “good man”. Honestly, he never has been compared to Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier, former dictator of Haiti, and Charles Taylord. “The student always surpass the teacher” is my favourite slogan. In my opinion, I think that Castro´s Communist dictatorship is worse than the former Chilean. Dictatorship.

Cuba is one of the few nations in the world in which a family controls the government. From 1960 to 2006 Fidel Castro was President of the Council of State and Council of Ministers, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba…Currently, Raul Castro Ruz, Fidel´s brother, is the Head of State.They claim that Cuba has the most highest human development rate in the Third world and that Cubans live better in the Island than in South Korea, Singapoore, Taiwan and India.During Cold War, Cuba received more money per capita than the Socialist Republic of Ethiopia, one of the most poorest nations on Earth.

The country`s resources are used to build Olympic projects devised by dictator`s megalomania. Cuba has one of the most highest suicide rates in the world and the Island has the highest number of abortions in Latin America in relation to its population.Ironically, the standard of human development is going down. Ultimately the prostitution is increasing alarmingly in the Island. The dictatorship restricts such liberties as freedom speech and freedom of the press. Under the socialism, the government has imposed sharp restrictions on artists who criticize the dictatorial system. Reports Without Borders considers Cuba one of the “15 enemies of the Internet”. More than 300 artists and writers have defected since 1960: Jose Manuel Carbonell (poet), Lydia Cabrera( writer), Ernesto Caparros (photographer), Ernesto Lecuona(pianist), Guillermo Cabrera Infante (writer), Enrique Labrador (writer), Jesus Diaz (film maker) Nestor Almendros (film maker) and Jorge Esquivel (dancer).

KILLINGS FIELDS AND GAYS

Cuba`s dictatorship was one of the firsts states in the world that prohibited homosexuality. The general gays rights situation under Cuban Revolution was catastrophic during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.Many gays were jailed, tortured and exiled by Castro´s “Olympic Paradise”…Reynaldo Arenas, a gay writer, was imprisoned several times because of his longtime opposition to Cuban rule.After release, Arenas wrote his autobiography, with the title “Antes que caiga la noche” (Before night falls).

The Cuban Secret Police is extensively used by Fidel and Raul Castro to suppress and disrupt pro-democratics movements. However, a number of protests against human rights violation are organized by Las Damas de Blanco. Las Damas de Blanco have been compared to Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo (Argentina), who fought against the dictator Jorge Rafael Videla.

Unfortunately, some Third World democracies support the Cuban government for economical reasons. Cuba has sent more than 6,000 doctors, coaches, technicians and teachers around the world. Furthermore there are 15,000 foreign students in the Island.

I would like to finish my essay “Fidel Castro is not Augusto Pinochet” with my favourite personal motto: “Only oppression should fear the full exercise of freedom” by Jose Marti.

REFERENCES:

Alzota, Julio. “Hoy en el Perú surgirá la más bella del Universo”, La Prensa, Lima, 26 de julio 1982.

-Bonilla, Juan José-Payan, Miguel-López, José-Villalba, Susana. Diccionario Mundial de Actores, Ediciones JC, Madrid, 1998

-Caputo, Robert. “Ethiopia Revolution in Ancient Empire”; National Geographic, Washington DC, may 1983

-Diccionario de Literatura Cubana (tomos I y II), Editorial Letras Cubanas, La Habana, 1980

-Diccionario Sopena de Literatura de Literatura (tomo I), Editorial Ramón Sopena, Barcelona, 1991

-Documental: El Caso Pinochet /Chile/ 2001

-Encyclopaedia Británica Book of The Year 1977, 1981, 1984, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago

-Freedom in the World. The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1992-93, Freedom House, 1993

-Gasparini, Juan. Mujeres de Dictadores, Ediciones Península, Barcelona, 2002

-Grondona, Mariano. “La otra Cuba”, Visión, Miami, diciembre de 1993

-Guevara Onofre, Alejandro. “Crisis de Supervivencia en Cuba”, Diario El Peruano, Lima, 25 de agosto de 1992

-Guía del Mundo 1993-94, Instituto del Tercer Mundo, Montevideo, 1992

-Guzmán, Patricio. Documental: La Batalla de Chile (II)/Chile/ 1977

-Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave. Democratization in the Latre Twentieth Century, University Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1991

-Informatodo 1970, Editorial Reader´s Digest, México, 1969

-Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 1991-2006, PNUD, New York

-Jorge, Antonio. The Cuban Economy: Dependency and Development, University of Miami, Miami, 1989

-Lande, Carl. “The Return of People Power in The Philippines”, Journal of Democracy, Washington DC, January 2001

-Miller, Nicola. Soviet Relations with Latin America 1959-1987, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989

-Roca, Ana. “Charlemos con Reinaldo Arenas: un escritor en el exilio”, Americas, Washington DC, septiembre de 1981

-Roca, Sergio. Socialist Cuba: Past Interpretations and Future Challenges, Westview Press, London

-Rodriguez Elizondo, José. Crisis y Renovación de las Izquierdas, Editorial Andres Bello, Santiago, 1995

-Suchlicke, Jaime. The Cuban Military Under Castro, University of Miami, Miami, 1989

-Taufic, Camilo. Chile en la Hoguera, Ediciones Corregidor, Buenos Aires,1974

-The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1975-2006, The World Almanac Books, New York, New Jersey

-Vargas Llosa, Mario. “El Lenguaje de la Pasión”, Peisa, Lima, 2000

-Zandrox. “Una de ellas puede ser Miss Universo”, Extra, Lima, 26 de julio 1982

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ALEJANDRO GUEVARA ONOFRE:I am a writer about Third World issues (human rights, biographies, culture, history, olympic sport, democracy, women´s rights).

I have many books (Mundototal, Power and Woman, and History of Women in the United States) and essays (Dictatorship and Woman:The First Lady of the Cuban Revolution, Taiwan:Democracy and Human Development, Culture and Dictatorships, Fidel Castro and Sport, Pol Pot·, Robert Mugabe and Dictatorship, Indira Gandhi and Alberto Fujimori:The Last Dictatorship. I have studied Journalism and International Relations.

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ALEJANDRO GUEVARA ONOFRE:I am a writer about Third World issues (human rights, biographies, culture, history, olympic sport, democracy, women´s rights).

I have many books (Mundototal, Power and Woman, and History of Women in the United States) and essays (Dictatorship and Woman:The First Lady of the Cuban Revolution, Taiwan:Democracy and Human Development, Culture and Dictatorships, Fidel Castro and Sport, Pol Pot·, Robert Mugabe and Dictatorship, Indira Gandhi and Alberto Fujimori:The Last Dictatorship. I have studied Journalism and International Relations.

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This week, casting was revealed for the spring-summer world premiere of the new musical Armistead Maupin’s Tales of the City, to bow at American Conservatory Theatre in San Francisco, where the story is set (in the 1970s).
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Visit Australia & Newzealand

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Visit Australia & Newzealand

Visit Australia & Newzealand

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Visit Australia & Newzealand

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If you are an eager, fairly adventurous traveler then Australia and New Zealand are probably destinations that have been swimming in some subdirectory of your travel ambitions.Down under has lots of appeal. It’s English speaking, exotic, remote, filled with crazy looking plants and animals. Many Australians combine the best character qualities from around the globe: hardiness, humor and cordiality. Aussies are justifiably famous for outgoing character, and New Zealanders follow suit in their slightly more reserved manner. The Australians are masters of a vast, isolated, largely desert continent and their outlook shows independence of spirit and loads of aptitude. When the vast interior of your country is an inhospitable outback, then your ring of vibrant coastal cities are treated like causes for celebration, and for visitors this feeling is infectious.Like America, the Australian national history is short (and rowdy). Perhaps for this reason the Australians, like many Americans, are a people ready to welcome strangers with an open hand and broad smile, no questions asked. They like to play around with their own lively disposition and vernacular (Australian slang dictionary). One afternoon down under amongst friendly, helpful, vigorous Australians is usually enough to charm any visitor.The Kiwis (New Zealanders) typically have a slightly more gentrified, English disposition than the maverick Australians. The New Zealand outlook perhaps reflects that they are the smaller cousin in the Australian-New Zealand sphere of influence, and that they have more to show and more to lose than the desert-baked, walkabout Australians. Unlike the arid vastness of Australia, the Kiwis enjoy two main islands of incredible lushness that combine much of the topographical grandeur of Europe with the stunning, tropical features of the south Pacific islands.The natural abundance of New Zealand can stop you cold: tropical beaches, rain forests, boiling hot springs, towering Alps and blocked, English-like farmland. From half a world away it is easy to generalize the differences between New Zealand and Australia, but they are essentially different transplanted peoples making their home in similar geographic area. Australia is the land of the kangaroo, a hardy, indigenous animal that can survive traveling over deserts using the most energy conservative locomotive method known to any species on earth. By contrast, New Zealand is the land of the sheep, reliant on lots of water and grass, and transplanted wholly from the mother country (in New Zealand sheep outnumber people). Australia seems resolved with itself and its indigenous aboriginal peoples, where New Zealand seems to be looking over its shoulder back at England (and modern New Zealand has a somewhat awkward relationship with its native Maori peoples).What finally made me visit Australia and New Zealand was the record summer heat in Europe during 2003. I had two precious weeks to use in August, but where would I go? Based on the news of heat-related deaths in Europe the southern hemisphere looked like a great solution (it is winter there when it is summer in the northern hemisphere).European ski enthusiasts have long known the trick of turning summer into winter by training in the ski slopes of Queenstown, New Zealand. Reversing the seasons is not a motive calculated into many recreational travel plans, but it should be. What you are looking for, after all, is the chance to get away, change the scenery, to see something new. There can be no more profound change than traveling to the other side of the earth while reversing your seasons. On top of this, you find a new world of plants and animals. School kids know about wallabies and echidnas, but those animals are just the headliners. Imagine a world where green and red parrots fly around in pairs and land in a tree above you. Imagine being awakened in the morning by a bird that sounds like a bell, or another that makes a complicated, resonant call like a concerto played on a whistle flute (birds down under page).In short, it’s completely different, yet comfortably similar to visit Australia and New Zealand.The people are different (but familiar).The food is different (but familiar). Local chefs train in Europe but insist on returning to open their own restaurants in their own home towns.A burgeoning wine industry provides a glorious, sassy collection for you to sample at a fraction of the price of these same labels offered by New York?s biggest liquor importers.

Flights :

There are many agents online you can choose from to get cheap flights to sydney

Australian travel choices:

What to see in Australia? This is a tough call because you might have a secret hankering to visit the outback or the more remote regions, whereas my focus was to skip through for a sense of Australia and then spend serious time in New Zealand.Sydney is pretty much a requirement on any list of Australia destinations. Many guide books will favor a list of Australian destinations including: Newcastle, Byron Bay, Fraser Island, world-class diving round the Great Barrier Reef, Cairns, Darwin, Alice Springs, Marlborough and Hobart (in Tasmania). But this list is a ridiculous simplification. You have an entire continent to consider, a task only made slightly easier by the fact that most of the good stuff is clustered at the edges. A bonobo with a handful of darts and a map will have as good a chance as you of picking great stops in Australia unless you task yourself to read up. In the absence of a Michelin Green Guide, I find that a good overview resource is to read some of the “been there” reviews posted on epinions. Granted, this is not the most refined resource, because anybody can post just about anything, but most of the readers are conscientious and after reading a few you will see the same names start to pop up and soon you will see a pattern emerge. With the pattern established, take a look at some of the “best of” lists published by the commercial guides (Frommers has “best of” lists in a load of different catagories, hotels, restaurants, museums, beaches – here’s best Australian experiences with links to other lists at the left margin.)

New Zealand travel choices:

Good destinations in New Zealand can be a harder call than Australia because the good stuff isn’t as neatly collected at the coasts or near the cities.True, New Zealand cities have a remarkable spectrum of different personalities.Auckland has the feel of a clean, modern international shipping hub with bridges and waterways and ocean liners always in view.Wellington also has a maritime flavor, but it is terraced and secluded with a protected, regional feel.Christchurch is like a prim, flat, English shire town with a lazy, two-foot-deep river meandering through the center.Dunedin has a dyed-in the-wool Scottish influence while Queenstown is an extreme sport, party town full of action and youth.To approach a trip to New Zealand you first need to assimilate the different offerings of the north and south islands. In my view most guidebooks do a poor job of helping the traveler evaluate the relative travel value of the two islands. It’s as if there is such a surfeit of great things to do that the books are doing their best to pack it all in and lose their power to discriminate between choices.You can visit both islands, but plan on air transport if your trip is any shorter than three weeks, because the distances are considerable. It’s hard to counsel in favor of visiting just one island. The north island has plenty to see, and it has Auckland, the international departure point, but the southern island has the most vibrant scenic beauty (the Lord of the Rings movies were filmed on the southern island of New Zealand). If you want to visit the southern island alone you have to figure out your return flights to Newzealand, which almost certainly will require a change in Auckland, or a return to Australia before you can connect to a US flight.The north island is warmer throughout the year and is influenced more by beaches of all kinds rocky shores, black sand, white sand as well as geothermal hot springs.The south island is considerably cooler in temperature year round (Christchurch is sufficiently southern that it is where the US Antarctica programs stage their supply and transport connections with the rest of the world). The north and east coasts of the southern island of New Zealand also boast beautiful beaches, but the prominent geographic feature is the Alps that run in a spine up the mountains. (Queenstown, the sports capital of the southern island, is pictured at right.) Unlike the northern island, the southern island has glaciers and alpine vistas and numerous ski resorts. At the far, southwestern reaches of the northern island you have Fiordland, with Norwegian-class peaks rising like a wall out of the water to heights as much as a mile.

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Strange problems in Counter strike after getting new bb connection on AR800V v3.0

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Strange problems in Counter strike after getting new bb connection on AR800V v3.0

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There is a strange

Strange problems in Counter strike after getting new bb connection on AR800V v3.0

problem going on with my cs 1.6 after getting the new AR800V v3.0 wifi modem. Earlier I had ZTE evdo and there were no problems at all! Please look at the problems and suggest me if there is any solution or not.

There is a strange problem going on with my cs 1.6 after getting the new AR800V v3.0 wifi modem. Earlier I had ZTE evdo and there were no problems at all! Please look at the problems and suggest me if there is any solution or not.
There is a strange problem going on with my cs 1.6 after getting the new AR800V v3.0 wifi modem. Earlier I had ZTE evdo and there were no problems at all! Please look at the problems and suggest me if there is any solution or not.

Thanks!

Problem 1

The first problem is the server list in my CS 1.6. As you can see in the attachments below, it is showing only 33 servers after getting AR800V v3.0.
When I had ZTE evdo, I was able to get around 9000 servers!

I tried many MasterServers.vdf files but the same problem arises everytime. I have also turned on Port Forwarding on the router.

Problem 2

The second problem is now whenever I make a server using HLDS, it doesn’t appear in the main server list. My friends have to connect using the IP address. The server worked fine before getting the new broadband connection.

The first problem is the server list in my CS 1.6. As you can see in the attachments below, it is showing only 33 servers after getting AR800V v3.0.
When I had ZTE evdo, I was able to get around 9000 servers!

I tried many MasterServers.vdf files but the same problem arises everytime. I have also turned on Port Forwarding on the router.

Problem 2

The second problem is now whenever I make a server using HLDS, it doesn’t appear in the main server list. My friends have to connect using the IP address. The server worked fine before getting the new broadband connection.
Problem 1

The first problem is the server list in my CS 1.6. As you can see in the attachments below, it is showing only 33 servers after getting AR800V v3.0.
When I had ZTE evdo, I was able to get around 9000 servers!

I tried many MasterServers.vdf files but the same problem arises everytime. I have also turned on Port Forwarding on the router.

Problem 2

The second problem is now whenever I make a server using HLDS, it doesn’t appear in the main server list. My friends have to connect using the IP address. The server worked fine before getting the new broadband connection.

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Eradication of Hunger a Challenge Before the Nations

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Eradication of Hunger a Challenge Before the Nations

Eradication of Hunger a Challenge Before the Nations

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Eradication of Hunger a Challenge Before the Nations

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Eradication of Hunger: A Challenge Before Nations

The first millennium development goal (MDG) is to halve poverty and hunger by 2015. Hunger and malnutrition are major causes of the deprivation and suffering targeted by all of the other MDGs. Without rapid progress in reducing hunger, achieving the other MDGs related to poverty reduction, education, child mortality, maternal health, and disease will be impossible.

Nearly 30 per cent of the world’s population is currently suffering from one or more forms of malnutrition. Approximately 840 million people are undernourished or chronically food insecure, and as many as 2.8 million children and 300,000 women die every year because of malnutrition in developing countries. According to FAO, if each of the developing regions continues to reduce hunger at the current pace, only South America and the Caribbean will reach the MDG target of cutting the proportion of hungry people by half. None will reach the more ambitious World Food Summit goal of halving the number of hungry people.

Despite the scale of human suffering brought about by malnutrition, the fight against world hunger receives less attention than the fight against poverty from bilateral and multilateral donors and lending agencies. A by-product of the lack of attention to food security is that the issue is relatively understudied compared to poverty. The UNU-WIDER research project ‘Hunger and Food Security’, addressed some of these gaps in the literature. It was undertaken in collaboration with the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), and with research contributions from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The project resulted in two books entitled Food Security: Indicators, Measurement, and the Impact of Trade Openness and, Food Insecurity, Vulnerability and Human Rights Failure, both edited by Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, Shabd S. Acharya and Benjamin Davis, and henceforth referred to as Food Security and Food Insecurity, respectively.

While lack of sustained economic growth is an important determinant of hunger, the persistence of hunger also feeds back to limit economic growth. Many years of empirical evidence point to the negative impact of hunger and malnutrition on labour productivity, health, and education, which ultimately leads to lower levels of overall economic growth. Hunger is thus as much a cause as an effect of poverty. Good nutrition is an investment in human capital that raises output as well as the returns on investments in education and health care. Taken together, these findings provide powerful evidence that public spending in reducing hunger is an investment with high returns and should constitute a top priority for developing countries.

National Food Security

National food security is determined by the combination of national policies relating to food production, the extent of food trade, the degree of linkages with other countries, and trade policies of other countries—especially relating to the support provided to their food producers. It calls for careful monitoring of such related developments as developing countries increasingly link their economies to the world market. The South Pacific island countries (Food Insecurity, Chapter 2), for example, are net importers of cereals, and their import dependence increased during 1991–2002. The reason for the increase is either an absolute decline in the production of staple food or, a lower rate of growth of production relative to the population. National food security in these countries is dependent on subsistence farming and the tapping of ocean resources. The demand for imported food is met through export earnings from primary products. In this context, the volatility in prices in the world market can be a threat to the food security of island countries. Fiji, for example, exports sugar to protected European markets, but the phasing out of protection in 2007, and the subsequent state of the markets, is a matter of serious concern for Fiji in financing its food imports.

Uncertainties such as this reiterate the need for efforts to improve domestic productivity through public investment in infrastructure, irrigation, agricultural research, and technology transfer. Andrew Charman and James Hodge (Food Security, Chapter 11) however, focus on the more positive implications of the WTO’s agricultural negotiations on the agricultural and food security policy of South African Development Community (SADC) countries. They document how changes in food security policy since the Uruguay Round, including trade liberalization, and the subsequent food crisis of 2001–03 have impacted the negotiating strategy of these countries. Further, the authors provide an assessment of the potential impact of the proposed tariff and subsidy reduction modalities on government policymaking. They conclude that the proposed modalities in the current round are unlikely to restrict SADC policies to enhance and assure food availability, access, and security. Moreover, the low levels of domestic support and high bound tariffs ensure that agreed reductions would still leave SADC countries with sufficient policy space to pursue food security and agricultural development policy.

Household Food Security

Our research on India and Vietnam presents inter-temporal comparisons of the state of under nutrition. Besides China, both these countries have outperformed others in their development cohort in terms of overall growth rates.

But while the nutritional status of the population shows an improvement over time in Vietnam, it shows a worsening in India, particularly for the rural poor. It implies that the challenges of reforms and globalization—in protecting the well-being of the poor—may be different for large (India, China) and small (Vietnam) countries in important ways. However, a well-targeted public distribution system (PDS) is very likely to work for both sets of countries. The role of the PDS in improving food security was examined in a comparative set up (Food Insecurity, Chapter 5) between India and China.

PDS is a useful policy instrument, particularly when there is a food shortage or just barely enough. It can also be a cost-effective measure to counteract poverty. A buffer stock controlled by the government is essential to ensure and improve a country’s food security, regardless of whether or not a physical PDS is maintained. India can draw on China’s policy of managing its buffer stock with more flexibility. Likewise, China may draw on the Indian policy of managing its buffer stock with transparency. With an improvement in average incomes, PDS should be reformed by making it more flexible and targeted. In particular, India should consider reducing the size of its PDS operations, and targeting it to only the poor and those affected by natural calamities—the truly vulnerable groups. This is particularly important as most governments are under pressure to trim their budgets and cannot afford to expend resources on poverty or hunger alleviation programmes that do not reach the truly needy. Nilabja Ghosh and Basudeb Guha- Khasnobis (Food Security, Chapter 8) review the experience of India in targeted food-security strategies. They trace the evolution of the ‘public works programme’ and found some mismatches. However, there are also pockets of ‘success’, mainly in the state of Orissa in eastern India, which give rise to optimism.

Intra-household Food Security: The Role of Women

The status of women in a society has telling effects on both the intrahousehold distribution of food, as well as its total availability. Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis and Gautam Hazarika (Food Security, Chapter 5) find that in Pakistan for example, the relative standing of a mother compared to her husband—measured by differential educational attainment—as well as her access to cash income, is positively associated with the improved nutritional status of her children. Further, the mother’s relative standing is also associated with less spending on adult goods (alcohol, tobacco). Taken together, these results suggest that policy initiatives that seek to improve child nutritional status should focus in part on improving the relative bargaining power of women in households, through access to education.

Although the relationship of gender, food security, and rural livelihoods has been acknowledged in the literature on HIV/AIDS impacts, relatively few studies provide empirical evidence among vulnerable households. The findings of a study are thus presented (Food Insecurity, Chapter 6) from Namibia, Uganda, and Zambia using a sustainable livelihood framework to investigate gender aspects of HIV/ AIDS effects. HIV infected households face labour shortage and a reduced cultivated area. Their asset holdings are also lower. There was also a reduction in meals eaten per day. All these were more pronounced in female-headed households than others. This suggests an acute need for mainstreaming HIV/AIDS concerns through the national statistical systems, instead of limiting interest in HIV/AIDS statistics to the health sector.

The Right to Food

While availability and access present themselves as fairly straightforward researchable issues in hunger, there is an important dimension of human right, which transcends the frontiers of economics and takes us into the realm of political economy. Is the right to food a basic human and social right? Is this right recognized in national constitutions? Are there differences in the extent to which such rights are recognized under different political regimes (democracy versus non-democracy, for example)? The international development community needs to provide firm answers and urge individual countries to comply. According to some existing international commitments, while only states are accountable for its compliance, all members of society (individuals, families, local communities, NGOs, civil society organizations, as well as the private business sector) have responsibilities in the realization of the right to food. The state should promote an enabling environment for the implementation of these responsibilities. A major step in speeding up the process of implementing the right to food has been the formulation of voluntary guidelines by an inter-governmental working group on the right to food constituted by the AO Council and subsequently circulated to all countries, both developing and developed.

However, the guidelines are legally non-binding. A case study of India (Food Insecurity, Chapter 13) illustrates how judicial systems and courts can be used for ensuring the right to food. The genesis of the right to food litigation in India lies in the widespread protests by citizens’ organizations, in the wake of severe consecutive droughts, asking for the scaling-up of drought relief operations, followed by a public interest petition filed in the supreme court by one such citizens’ organization, the People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), in 2001.

Several legal experts were either a part of PUCL or supported the move. While the court became active, the citizens’ organizations continued to pursue the matter and put pressure on the government. The measures impacting the right to food included putting in place a National Employment Guarantee Act, scaling-up of midday meals in schools, a scheme for supplying food to destitute families, the supply of food grains at affordable prices to poor families, supplementary nutrition programmes for infants and mothers, and effective implementation of these and a PDS of food grains. While the citizens’ organizations continued to provide feedback to the court, the court issued a series of judicial directions to the government. Apart from these schemes, the litigation covered several associated issues, particularly pertaining to governance. The study has clearly illustrated the kind of directions that could be obtained from the court for making the right to food a reality. It also illustrates the need for a vibrant civil society group, without which the court alone may not be effectively empowered.

The UNU-WIDER study highlights the need to look at the problem of hunger from a combination of economic, social, and political perspectives. These dimensions are intertwined, making it necessary for a variety of actors to pull together as a unit to fight against hunger. It implies that academic research on the economic dimensions of hunger across regions, the experiences of international organizations in their forays into the social and political dimensions of the problem, and key messages emanating from the work of civil society organizations at the grassroots levels, have plenty to draw upon from one another. The result, hopefully, will be a concerted and coordinated action by the international community as a whole in eradicating hunger.

References

1. Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, Shabd S. Acharya and Benjamin Davis (ed.) “Security: Indicators, Measurement, and the Impact of Trade Openness”, 2001

2. Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, Shabd S. Acharya and Benjamin Davis (ed.) “Food Insecurity, Vulnerability and Human Rights Failure”, 2001

3. Brown LR, Eradicating Hunger, A Growing Challenge, State of the World 2001, New York, 2001, pp 43-62

4. Eradicating Hunger, Moving from Pilot Projects to National Programmes to Meet the World Food Summit Goal, A Report for Food and Agriculture Organisation (accessed from www.fao.org/ docrep/007

5. J Von Braun, MS Swaminathan, MW Rosegrant, Agriculture, food security, nutrition and the Millennium Development Goals, 2002

6. G Fischer, M Shah, H van Velthuizen, Climate Change and Agricultural Vulnerability, Report prepared for World Summit for Sustainable Development, 2002

7. C Vogel, J Smith, The politics of scarcity: Conceptualizing the current food

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