Strong earthquake strikes south of Fiji
SUVA, Fiji (AP) – A strong 6.4-magnitude earthquake has struck in waters south of Fiji. There are no immediate reports of injuries or damage and no tsunami warning has been issued. Read more on The Star
B.C. scientist hopes to extract aviator Amelia Earhart’s DNA from her letters
VANCOUVER – More than seven decades after aviator Amelia Earhart disappeared while attempting her ill-fated flight around the world, a B.C. scientist hopes to extract DNA from letters she wrote to loved ones. Read more on Brandon Sun
Fatalities rumoured in major New Zealand earthquake
A powerful earthquake hit the New Zealand city of Christchurch on Tuesday, collapsing buildings, burying vehicles under debris and sending rescuers scrambling to help trapped people amid reports of multiple deaths. Read more on Hamilton Spectator
Hernando man who fled to Samoa gets 15 years on sex charges
Guy Osman Gould Jr., 66, fled to Samoa last year amid charges that he molested two teenage boys in late 2009 and early 2010. Read more on St. Petersburg Times
Movie reviews: Oscar-nominated short documentaries
Victims of suicide bombing, global warming, an Iraq war vet and more. This year’s Oscar contenders in the nonfiction shorts category reflect the academy’s preference for documentaries with a socially conscious message rather than more experimental or open-ended explorations. Read more on Hartford Courant
Home Page > News and Society > Women’s Issues > Get the Sponge Coral and Freshwater Pearl Necklace Classic Necklace Secures With an Antique Silver Toggle Clasp
Get the Sponge Coral and Freshwater Pearl Necklace Classic Necklace Secures With an Antique Silver Toggle Clasp
Sponge Coral Jewelry: A Gentle Wind from the warming Seas
Corals per se constitute of contrasting species in the spineless phylum Coelenterata. They are radially even and possess inner space for digestion, called gastrovascular cavity, whose alone opening is surrounded by tentacles to assist in food seizure. They are mostly known by their hard skeletons, a calcium carbonate crystallized framework released by the epidermis of coral organisms named anthozoans. Coral colonies or sedimentations mature to become reefs. They flourish in loving seas. The genus Corallium presents off a red-orange, sometimes pinkish or white secretion that could be employed in creating ornaments and jewelry. Since the 1700s, sponge coral was principally harvested from the coral reefs of Italy. It is precisely of late that most of the provision derives from the Japan and the islands in the South Pacific.
The antecedents of sponge coral jewelry can be observed to the cultures of the Zunis, Navajos, and Hopis, and up to now are even so sovereign in the quaint Indigenous American modus vivendi. Sponge corals follow in multiple colors, so bits of jewelry formed from them could be in pale rose, orange red, black, white, and even blue. They could be forged to diverse configurations and forms of ornaments: earrings, rings, bracelets, pendants, necklaces, and also belt buckles. They could likewise serve up as the focal details of silver jewelry. They could even be used as beads to build bracelets.
Beauty and Easiness
A mass of people pronounce beauty is Chasteness and a lot too would pronounce that Easiness is beauty. Beauty and Simpleness are the strongest properties of sponge coral jewelry. They are exempt of pretense and intact of self-respect. Any man or woman who wears them looks alike a reassuring Breeze from spirited seas. people who are into philosophy, art and literature opt them because they are not flashy and dashing. Conservationists assume them to stand for their empathy with nature or earth. Students like them because not much exploit and expense are exacted to maintain them. Other consideratenesses in incurring them include very low-priced costs and very tried functionality.
Cool Pieces
Special compositions of sponge coral jewelry are ample in the market. Some of them are:
? Necklaces. These sustain red sponge corals coupled in concert using silk thread, red sponge coral beads and aluminum lightly rolled in a spiral fashion, or combining of pearls and sponge coral.
? Bracelets. These induce black sponge coral stones established in stainless steel or stone bangle bracelet realized of orange sponge coral.
? Earrings. Swinging earrings are sometimes realized of pear-shaped sponge corals. There are besides black coral student earrings.
? Pendants. Pendants can be heart-shaped blue sponge coral and pale pink sponge coral animal works for children.
? Rings. Big sponge coral ring have orange sapphire. There are as well sterling silver rings with black coral stones.
Walk on the beaches of the South Pacific, Japan, and Italy. Exist one with Mother Earth and sense the warm Breeze as you walk by a mirror. Be the fine zypher among friends. Proceed online and pamper yourself, buy yourself a sponge coral jewelry! Greater even so, visit Queen Bee Jewelry.
The Norway Coral Act was established to protect the cold coral reefs. The problem is that there is a vast area where fishermen can fish however they like. (00:00)
Coral Divers is a PADI 5 star Gold Palm IDC Centre and a National Geographic Dive Centre situated in Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Apart from the great diving and beautiful coral reefs, the area offers fun and excitement for the non-diver too. (05:01)
An indication of the destruction of the coastal reefs in Sri Lanka can be seen on the side of the roads, where people are selling bags of coral. The corals is used for the building industry. (05:25)
Sponge Coral Jewelry: An Insight on Its Foundation
Today, even people who could not afford to possess the more pricy characters of jewelries are calculating into unusual special typecasts of jewelries. Diamonds and other cases of stones are the unremarkable utilized items for pieces of jewelry. This can be pricey which…
Skillfully handcrafted designer beaded jewelry is not difficult to find nowadays. Due to the massive growth of the internet in recent years hundreds of creative jewelry designers from all over the world now display their beautiful work online. One can locate such a jewelry store and buy as many jewelry articles as they want. On these websites you will find all kinds of jewelry articles including bracelets, necklaces, and earrings.
Habitat Red corals grow on rocky seabottom with low sedimentation, typically in dark environments–either in the depths or in dark caverns or crevices. The original species, C. rubrum
Sponge Coral Jewelry : An Insight On Its Foundation
Nowadays, even people who could not afford to own the more pricey types of jewelries are depending into different specific cases of jewelries. Diamonds and other eccentrics of stones are the ordinarily expended items for pieces of jewelry. This can be high-priced…
Sponge Coral Jewelry: An Insight on Its Foundation
Today, even people who could not afford to own the more pricy cases of jewelries are reckoning into new unparalleled characters of jewelries. Diamonds and unusual characters of stones are the unremarkably practiced particulars for pieces of jewelry. This can be pricy which…
Nowadays, even people who could not afford to own the more costly typecasts of jewelries are reckoning into some other extraordinary types of jewelries. Diamonds and other types of stones are the ordinarily applied points for pieces of jewelry. This can be overpriced which is why an alternative is to…
Nowadays, even people who could not afford to have the more overpriced characters of jewelries are reckoning into other extraordinary cases of jewelries. Diamonds and different cases of stones are the ordinarily utilized items for pieces of jewelry. This can be expensive which is why an choice is to incorporate…
Today, even people who could not afford to own the more pricey eccentrics of jewelries are reckoning into different unparalleled characters of jewelries. Diamonds and other types of stones are the ordinarily employed points for pieces of jewelry. This can be expensive which is why an alternative is to coalesced…
The women smile when they want to scream,
They sing when they want to cry,
They cry when they are happy,
laugh when they are nervous,
fight for what they want,
love without conditions,
or settle for small things…
To you woman, mother, wife, sister, girlfriend amica.
To you women, isostituibile source of life,
support, hope, warmth to men and civilizations.
The hottest womens shoes trends for for Ladies, Daughter, Mom, wife or Girlfriend include embellished details, embossed patterns and chic styles. The key to buying the perfect pair of women’s shoes is to make sure you invest your money in something that is super stylish yet divinely comfortable.
Lara Logan was attacked on 2/11/11 and this date corresponds exactly with five major transits to Lara’s birth chart. Serious astrologers might have warned Lara to lay low during a major transit of Mars and the Sun to the north node. But obviously Lara’s News Network does not employ an astrologer on their staff.
You may be beautiful, but a part of you can’t get over your shyness. Perhaps your personality might be hampering you a bit from living the life you want, finding the guy you like, or meeting your personal goals. If so, then you’re in luck because there are a few exercises that can get you right on track and not compromise your personality…
If you’re spinning your head wondering the best way to get a man’s attention and keep it, join the club. Most men seem to have this innate and diluted version of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) when it comes to women. And of course, this drives women nuts. Trust me, I know for personal experience. Once, I spent three full years asking one particular woman to go out with me. When, she finally said yes, I nearly fell out of my chair…
This article discuss about women trafficking in 2011.Raise awareness about sex trafficking and sex slavery and help women fight poverty, exploitation, and victimization.
Utilizing Turquoise Fashion Jewelry to Tell Yourself
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Freshwater Pearl Necklaces Fun and Emotional at the Same Time
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Practicing Turquoise Fashion Jewelry to Tell Yourself
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When it occurs time to see for the grand gift for that remarkable somebody at Valentines day. you desire a gift that is going to be extra private that says how you truly tone which is I love you. This is why the pearl necklace allows you with grand presents…
Corals per se constitute of diverse species in the spineless phylum Coelenterata. They are radially symmetrical and realize inner space for digestion, called gastrovascular cavity, whose sole opening is enclosed by tentacles to assist in food catch. They are for the most part known by their solid skeletons, a calcium…
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Millions of Latinos are proud of their history of military service to our nation. To discover they have defended the USA against all enemies, from the Revolutionary War to the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, one must cull through volumes of research, academic dissertations, or tomes of Spanish-language and Latino literature, because this history is not common knowledge.
Among the earliest military contributions were those of General Bernardo de Galvéz de Madrid, governor of the Spanish colony of Louisiana. He and his troops captured the critical ports of Mobile (Alabama) and Pensacola (Florida) from the British in 1780 and 1781, greatly aiding the cause of our new nation. Galvéz receives little mention for these contributions, but is credited with founding the city of Galvéz Town (now Galveston), Texas in 1778.
During the Civil War, 2,500 Tejanos sided with Confederate forces, while nearly 1,000 more served in the Union Army. They were part of the South’s 10th Texas Cavalry, the 55th Alabama Infantry, and the 6th Missouri Infantry. Colonel Santos Benavides of Laredo, TX, became the highest-ranking Latino in the Confederate army. In 1864, as Commander of the 33rd Cavalry, he was responsible for repelling Union forces in Brownsville, TX.
The Union enlisted four companies of Californianos for their “extraordinary horsemanship” and at least 469 of them were assigned to Major Salvador Vallejo to defeat a Confederate invasion of New Mexico. By the end of the civil war, nearly 10,000 Latinos had served in military units for both sides of the Civil War.
In 1866, David G. Farragut was the first U.S. naval officer ever awarded the top ranks of Rear Admiral, Vice Admiral and Admiral. He was also the most senior naval officer during the Civil War. Although mentioned in U.S. historical accounts for his bravery (“Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!”), few historical references were made about his Spanish ancestry.
During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln established the Congressional Medal of Honor (MOH), the nation’ highest military award to recognize uncommon valor in combat. It was awarded to military heroes who distinguished themselves “conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his/her life above and beyond the call of duty.”
Latinos have been awarded 43 Congressional Medals of Honor. Among the first recipients were: Joseph H. de Castro, a Spaniard serving with the 19th Massachusetts Infantry, for bravery at the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863; Philip Bazaar, a Chilean serving in the U.S. Navy, for bravery during the assault on Fort Fisher, NC, January 1865; and John Ortega, a Spaniard serving in the U.S. Navy, for bravery aboard the USS Saratoga, December 1865.
Latinos have been substantially represented and awarded more citations and medals for “valor in combat” than most U.S. Americans realize:
In World War I, David Bennes Barkley (Laredo, TX), served in Company A, 89th Division, 356th Infantry. He lost his life on a reconnaissance mission after swimming across the icy River Meuse in France and drawing maps of German artillery positions, which led to their destruction. He was awarded France’s Croix de Guerre, Italy’s Croce Merito di Guerra, and the MOH.
During the Korean Conflict, the 65th Infantry Regiment from Puerto Rico (Borinqueneers) took part in nine major campaigns, earning two Presidential Unit Citations, a Meritorious Unit Commendation and two Republic of Korea Unit Citations, four Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) medals and 124 Silver Stars for heroism.
U.S. Air Force Captain Manuel J. Fernández, Jr. (Key West, FL) flew 125 combat missions with ?the 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing in Korea ?and is credited with 14 solo victories, making him one of the first “aces” of the Korean War. Captain Fernández was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) and a Silver Star during his tour of duty.
U.S. Army Private First Class (PFC) Joseph Charles Rodriguez (San Bernardino, CA) was awarded the MOH for heroic actions on May 21, 1951, near Munye-ri after he single-handedly took on enemy forces occupying well-fortified positions. Rodriguez retired from the Army after attaining the rank of Colonel. He died November 1, 2005.
U.S. Army Corporal Rodolfo “Rudy” P. Hernández (Colton, CA) received the MOH for heroic actions on May 31, 1951, near Wonton-ni. When a numerically sperior force attacked his platoon, driving them into retreat, Cpl. Hernández — who was critically wounded — engaged the enemy alone, allowing his comrades to regroup and re-take the position.
Army Staff Sergeant Roy P. Benavidez (Cuero, TX), Navy Lieutenant j.g. Everett Alvarez, Jr. (Salinas, CA), Army Specialist 4th Class Daniel Fernández (Albuquerque, NM), and Army Captain Euripides Rubio (Ponce, PR) exemplify the bravery and geographic diversity of the 14 Latinos awarded the MOH during the Viet Nam conflict alone.
Despite these heroics, Latinos served their country in obscurity. The 1960 movie “From Here to Eternity” was based on the story of Marine Private First Class (PFC) Guy “Gaby” Gabaldon. The movie accurately portrayed his capture of nearly 1,500 Japanese in the South Pacific islands of Saipan, Tinian and the Marianas. However, the movie’s producers ignored the fact this hero was a U.S.-born Mexican-American from East Los Angeles, CA, and cast Jeffrey Hunter as an “Italian” — in deference to white movie-goers. PFC Gabaldon was nominated for the MOH, but was instead awarded the Silver Star — later upgraded to the Navy Cross. He still has the distinction of capturing more enemy personnel than anyone else in the annals ?of U.S. military conflicts. He died August 11, 2006, his MOH is still pending.
Overlooking Latino military contributions was recently displayed again during the promotion of the 2008 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) TV series “The War.” The “initial” 14.5-hour series on WWII failed to include any of the half-million Spanish-surnamed soldiers and sailors who honorably served their nation.
The U.S. Foreign Legion
Involvement in our nation’s wars has not been limited to U.S.-born Latinos. During WWI, a Mexican immigrant became an international war hero. Marcelino Serna, born in the state of Chihuahua in 1896, volunteered for the U.S. Army at the age of 20 and participated in some of the most rigorous campaigns of the European theater.
At Ste. Mihiel (France), Serna’s unit ran into a German machine gun post, which cost the lives of 12 U.S. soldiers. Serna charged the nest, killing six Germans and capturing eight others. On another mission, he single-handedly captured 24 enemy soldiers and killed 26 — using only his rifle, pistol, and grenades. The Allies awarded him their highest medals: Two French Croix de Guerre, Italy’s Croce al Merito di Guerra, the French Medaille Militaire, along with French Commemorative Medal, WW I Victory Medal (5 stars), the Victory Medal (3 campaign bars), the St. Mihiel Medal, and the Verdun Medal. The U.S. awarded Serna the DSC — its second highest combat award, along with two Purple Hearts. Serna died at the age of 95, a naturalized citizen and remains one of the most decorated soldiers in the history of Texas.
The country of Mexico formally supported the USA in WWII with 300 members of its 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron. The 201st flew 59 combat missions from the Philippine Islands and became the only veterans of a foreign war in Mexican history. Five P-47 pilots from the 201st died in the Pacific theater.
On March 21, 2003, Marine Lance Corporal Jose Gutierrez of Guatemala was among those to make the ultimate sacrifice for their “country of choice.” He died in combat near the Iraqi port city of Umm Qas. Cpl. Gutierrez was granted citizenship under a 2002 Executive Order allowing families of military personnel “killed in action” to apply for posthumous citizenship — a symbolic gesture that provides no benefits for the families of those killed serving while serving in our military forces.
In 2006, the U.S. Department of Defense reported 35,000 non-citizen immigrants were actively protecting us from the “threats of terrorism” in the Middle East. The Pew Hispanic Center found Latinos collectively constituted 9.5 percent of active armed forces, yet were 17.5 percent of frontline troops serving in Iraq.
It is time our neighbors, friends and families — and especially our children — recognize that Latinos helped to guarantee “all” U.S. citizens the freedom to pursue their dreams, regardless of skin color, ethnicity, country of origin, or language spoken. All children and adults need to be exposed to positive examples and contributions by Latinos to the growth and progress of our nation.
Jim Estrada is a nationally renowned expert in ethnic marketing, with over 30 years of advertising and public relations experience. In 1992, he founded Estrada Communications Group in San Antonio, TX, which specializes in Corporate & Marketing Communications. Now based in Austin, ECG provides clients with strategic counsel related to the Hispanic Consumer Market (HCM) and Latino communities across the USA.
His agency has counseled many of the nation’s most respected corporations, among them: Advantica (Denny’s), Anheuser-Busch Companies, AT&T Mobility (nee Cingular), HISPANIC Magazine, Lopez Foods, Marathon Oil, McDonald’s, MCI, Pizza Hut, Super Show Deportivo (NFL/TV), Univisión TV Network, Walmart, and Wells Fargo Bank.
Prior to founding ECG, Jim directed national Hispanic Consumer Marketing (HCM) for Anheuser-Busch, Inc. in St. Louis, MO. He also oversaw the development of corporate relations programs for A-B in the Southwest from Houston, TX, and supervised regional marketing and PR for McDonald’s in San Diego, CA, Phoenix/Tucson, AZ and Las Vegas, NV.
The former TV news reporter and documentary film producer is a nationally renowned writer and speaker in areas related to Hispanic marketing and Corporate/Community Relations. His first book, “The ABCs and ñ of America’s Cultural Evolution” is scheduled for publication in 2010.
A U.S.A.F veteran, he attended Mesa College; San Diego State University (Broadcast Journalism); Boston College (Center for Corporate Community Relations); and The Harvard School of Business (HACR Corporate Governance Program).
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A journey back to the motherland with an ever so popular Latin flava. MaDonna gives a perfectly blended mixture of Latin moves and African grooves. This is a video for all levels, if you have two left feet you will still get a workout. (08:01)
Tony travels to Mexico where he dines on tacos so fresh, you can only find them south of the border!
http://www.travelchannel.com/TV_Shows/Anthony_Bourdain (01:19)
Learn more at http://www.SaberHacer.com – There are many criteria to consider when looking for the best colleges, including factors like Hispanic enrollment and support for Hispanic students. Here’s what to look for. (04:20)
More and more, men and women alike, are turning to a eco-friendly lifestyle. Quite a few of us puzzle over where to start off with our environment friendly way of existence? And the least difficult place to begin is making small but significant changes to the products we invest in and use at household……
All Jackassery doesn’t fall into the “what were they thinking” category. Sometimes it is more subtle. Use these tips to determine if the object of your affections is worth the investment.
Nitai-pada-kamala, koti-chandra susitala “The lotus feet of Lord Nityananda are cooling like a million moons.”
One should take the shelter of the lotus feet of Lord Nityananda Prabhu, for He is the original spiritual master. It is by the mercy of Nitai that we can obtain love of Krishna. Nityananda Trayodasi is the appearance anniversary of Lord Nityananda. Lord Nityananda, whose name means “eternally blissful”, is the brother of Lord Caitanya. They are traditionally worshipped together,
Five and a half years after Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans has again restored its position as a top destination for those looking for affordable apartments to rent, primarily because of the community’s burgeoning food scene.
The information age is it really such a good thing? The advent of new technology has transformed the world we live in. Don’t believe me just turn on your computer! Everything that takes place in the world no matter how insignificant is virtually transmitted instantly for all to see and read. This certainly isn’t our fathers era for sure
This article is about the customs in India.It focuses on the customs during the marraige ceremony.It is about the interesting and awkward situation of dullah which is converted into the custom in the other marriage of his family.
As we get to the weekend it is good to talk about time off and what to do to relax. The thing is, can we put down our smartphones? Maybe not! James Kinloch seems to have a good grasp on what you can do with your time off!
Despite the obvious remnants of indigenous, Spanish and “mestizo” cultures and societies that existed across the continent prior to the Plymouth Rock landing, conservative elected officials in Arizona and Texas are attempting to insure the lessons being taught public school students about the USA remain solely focused on the beliefs and principles imported and promulgated by white European immigrant settlers to North America.
Jim Estrada is a nationally renowned expert in ethnic marketing, with over 30 years of advertising and public relations experience. In 1992, he founded Estrada Communications Group in San Antonio, TX, which specializes in Corporate & Marketing Communications. Now based in Austin, ECG provides clients with strategic counsel related to the Hispanic Consumer Market (HCM) and Latino communities across the USA.
His agency has counseled many of the nation’s most respected corporations, among them: Advantica (Denny’s), Anheuser-Busch Companies, AT&T Mobility (nee Cingular), HISPANIC Magazine, Lopez Foods, Marathon Oil, McDonald’s, MCI, Pizza Hut, Super Show Deportivo (NFL/TV), Univisión TV Network, Walmart, and Wells Fargo Bank.
Prior to founding ECG, Jim directed national Hispanic Consumer Marketing (HCM) for Anheuser-Busch, Inc. in St. Louis, MO. He also oversaw the development of corporate relations programs for A-B in the Southwest from Houston, TX, and supervised regional marketing and PR for McDonald’s in San Diego, CA, Phoenix/Tucson, AZ and Las Vegas, NV.
The former TV news reporter and documentary film producer is a nationally renowned writer and speaker in areas related to Hispanic marketing and Corporate/Community Relations. His first book, “The ABCs and ñ of America’s Cultural Evolution” is scheduled for publication in 2010.
A U.S.A.F veteran, he attended Mesa College; San Diego State University (Broadcast Journalism); Boston College (Center for Corporate Community Relations); and The Harvard School of Business (HACR Corporate Governance Program).
South Pacific Curtain Call in New York on Christmas Day Image by ralph and jenny
Christmas Day 2008 performance of South Pacific. Very, very good. The orchestra conductor is at lower right.
255/365 Backstage Image by kcolwell
A WWII era prop microphone for South Pacific sits backstage waiting to do its part. View Big
Money is not the only thing that can bring you 100% return of investment if you place it on the right deal. The profit can be much bigger than 100% if you give away a small portion of what you earn or know, contributing to something positive for other people.
Easy to give when you are rich.
When talking about giving, we automatically think about rich individuals donating money to help suffering people in the world. They can afford it and will still have a good portion left after the donation.
Almost all rich people are doing some kind of charity and we accept it as something normal. What we don’t know is that they gave their money, knowledge or skills away long before they got rich and the act of giving became the reason why they got rich.
A culture where giving is a must.
I am living on a small South Pacific island called Samoa where people give all the time. Overseas visitors picture a South Pacific island as a paradise, not only because of the natural beauty. The giving attitude of the people is also something extraordinary for a western mind.
I have always been surprised about how people could survive with so little and still have so much without doing very much.
Today my answer is clear. Everyone share whatever they have with each other and never suffer any shortage of the vital things in life.
Give and you shall receive.
I am sure that you have heard these words before but did you really understand the meaning of it?
It is a universal law that we can’t ignore. To further the progress of humanity, we are meant to share our knowledge and experiences with other people to develop ourselves and our society.
If we kept all our knowledge for ourselves, not much progress would be done. When talking about progress and knowledge it is easy to understand but when we consider giving money we have a problem.
Money is a form of energy that doesn’t get less when given away. The money energy will multiply and grow in ways you never knew was possible.
This is the secret the rich people knew long before they got rich. Some had it as a natural instinct and others had to learn it. The result was the same.
What is your gift?
Every person has something to give or contribute to other people. It doesn’t matter if it is an item, knowledge, skill or money.
To make this world progress in a positive and healthy way you must make your contribution. Start using what you have to make a positive change in the life of other people. Keep doing it and your small investment will grow by the day to something much larger than you thought would be possible.
When you get rich, you have an even greater power to continue spreading the message of the effects of giving.
Money is not the root of all evil. The energy we place and attribute to money creates our experience – good or bad. Money is merely an exchange. Are we exchanging from a wealthy or impoverished mindset?
Getting rich isn’t all about hard work. In fact it’s got little to do with hard work. Identifying patterns of success and emulating them is something all successful and wealthy people do, consciously or unconsciously. In this article we look at Wealth Building using Other People’s Money (OPM), something the rich and wealthy people have known about for years.
“Just invest do nothing! A financial adviser should provide you with a handful of unique advantages. There are also things you will not get from such a person and thus should not expect… It is The best internet investment Easy, Safe, No risk.
Would you invest your money in the pursuit of buy happiness? You do not have money to buy happiness? Looking for Happiness Guru? You’re in the right place to get free advice? But you have to practice advice seriously. Just read the item can not buy happiness.
A short summary of Alternative Energy, with new technology and the environment in mind we should look at investing money for great returns and therefore investing in our future.
Etegameno Investments offers three lucrative investment opportunities in Namibia that are expected to yield high returns. Harnessing Namibia’s rich natural resources, Etegameno presents an investment model that turns these abundant resources into wealth, mutually benefiting investors and the natives.
Is it possible to make a part time or full time living on the Internet? Can you make enough money to make your time worthwhile? According to all the “gurus” you can easily make a LOT of money by buying their program and doing EXACTLY what they tell you to do.Is all of this hype really true? The answer is yes and no. It really is true that a stay at home Mom or a student in need of extra income or a full time worker needing a part-time income can make money on the Int…
We are recommending five (5) stocks for immediate purchase to implement a portfolio sector and issue shift in equities that emphasizes the undervalued nature of corporate assets where the whole is priced at less than the sum of its parts. This situation is emanating from segments of the Chinese market.
Most of us have been sub subconsciously programmed to save for a rainy day.Even every financial planning advices us to start an emergency fund to meet up with any financial emergencies. But if you want to be wealthy, this would be the worse advice to follow.
Crashproof Prosperity is a landmark book that explains to the average person points they were never ever supposed to understand. Points that will surely rock their belief in the system as it currently operates. This book gives the reader a glimpse behind the actual veil of the Federal Reserve, the corrupt investment and finance institutions along with a financial system on the verge of total failure.
Point Copy Profits offers a realistic way of making money online and the best part is that it all works on autopilot, This has to be one of the simplest money making method todate.
Its and its here for you, start today, and change your life.
Point copy profits is here and anybody who is been in the industry for a while now knows that quality products are rare to find in the money making niche.
Point copy profits will prove to you the amazing way of making money online the simple fast way
It came to my attention today during a top internet marketing meeting that they has been a new concept of making money online that big companies have been keeping from the public. The method mentioned is point copy profits software and you can download it here.
When I meet a hedge fund manager I always try to ask as many questions about the economy as possible. What a Hong Kong based manager told me was a bit shocking. He predicted a collapse of the American economy within three years! Here are his arguments and the things he’ll do to protect himself from it.
Have you ever heard something like the following phrase? “Earn 0,000 in a week in your pajamas guaranteed.” or “Drive your Ferrari to the beach next month after applying this new money making tornado.” Sounds great, doesn’t it? The question is, can these systems really do this for us?
If you have heard about the movie “Karate Kids”, you will probably know the story of the young kid “Daniel” who wanted to learn Karate from his family handyman, the elderly Mr. Miyagi. Daniel didn’t understand why he had to do so many things that, what he thought, was not related to Karate at all.
For weeks Daniel had to wax cars and paint fences using certain ways or systems that Mr. Miyagi taught him. Not a single real karate lesson was done. Why?
Have you seriously looked at what you believe is right, true, good and bad in your online business? Could it be that you refuse to take action on certain things because you have a belief that goes in a contrary direction to what you know you should do? Why do you do these things? You know you know better, still you behave in a self destructive way. Why?
Let’s take a closer look.
Would you think that you are capable to have a greater online business success than you currently have? If the answer is yes, why isn’t it happening? What is it going to take to get you to where you want to be?
Have you ever thought about that you might be the biggest obstacle to the success you want for yourself and your online business?
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Former president who aided Fiji coup dies at 91
Tribal chief Ratu Josefa Iloilo, who as Fiji’s president made crucial decisions backing the military coup of the South Pacific country, has died at age 91. Read more on AP via Yahoo! Asia News
Ex-Fiji president Iloilo dies at 91
Ratu Josefa Iloilo, the Fijian president who made crucial decisions backing the military takeover of the South Pacific country, has died at the age of 91. Read more on The Age
Frezco Beverages are one of the South Pacific’s largest and fastest growing distributors of Fijian <a rel=”nofollow” onclick=”javascript:_gaq.push([‘_trackPageview’, ‘/outgoing/article_exit_link’]);” href=”http://www.fijiannoni.com/”> Noni Juice</a>, the amazing health drink which contains only 100% pure Fijian Noni juice, with no additives, no chemicals and no preservatives, just pure ingredients from the natural forests of the Fiji Islands.
This Noni fruit and juice have been around for centuries and utilized in cultures across Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. Officially known as Morinda citrifola, Noni is a type of mulberry. It flowers year round producing a pungent and somewhat bitter fruit and juice. The juice is the most widely used by-product but in some cultures the leaves and roots also find use.
This fruit is an excellent source of nutrients including Vitamin C, niacin, potassium, Vitamin A, calcium and sodium. Research has identified the presence of 10 essential vitamins, 7 dietary minerals, and 18 amino acids. Noni fruit juice also contains a mixture of anthroquinones, organic acids, and xeronine.
Here are some <a rel=”nofollow” onclick=”javascript:_gaq.push([‘_trackPageview’, ‘/outgoing/article_exit_link’]);” href=”http://www.fijiannoni.com/aboutnoni.html”>noni juice</a> benefits:
Nonijuice contains anti depressant compounds in the form of two sugars, inulin and nystose, as well as succinic acid, a compound created from simple sugars. Noni juice also contains xeronine, which brings about a feeling of well-being by opening brain receptor sites to receive more endorphin hormone.
Traditional Chinese medicine has prescribed noni juice for centuries to treat irregular menstrual cycles in women, especially when accompanied by pain in the lower back or pelvic area.
Studies show that noni stimulates the immune system, regulating cell function and cellular regeneration of damaged cells. It’s also been shown to increase stamina and endurance and is thought to be beneficial in treating impotence and infertility. Noni juice improves health of human being.
We provide noni juice which is organic in nature with no preservatives and colours our noni juice 100% real.
Having trouble getting enough fruit and veg in your diet? Tired of overspending on juice at the market? Do it yourself at home, where you can control the ingredients at a fraction of the cost. Julie makes some really tasty Apple Carrot Celery Juice with the Breville juicer. (01:25)
Not all products labeled as pure noni juice are reallypure. This article first describes what the term pure noni juice actually means. It then outlines ways to ensure that the product you are buying is pure noni juice and not a lesser quality product advertised as such.
Everyone wants to be a healthy and physically fit person Just because that it is easy to enjoy and spend your life healthy. Health is a gift from the God that could not be thanked. Different people use different types of products and do many exercises that would help him to keep them healthy and physically fit. Some people use different types of medicine in order to be healthy Organic Noni Fruit Fusion and Organic Noni for Women are the herbal products which many people use to keep themselves he
For those who have never heard of it, Noni juice is a nutrition product extracted from the fruit of the Noni tree, with Latin name “Morinda Citrifolia”. The plant itself possesses some extraordinary features, such as the fact that it is capable of producing fruits all around the year. Noni can indeed be harvested as much as 12 to 14 times per year.
Presently, lots of individuals have begun eating certified organic noni fruit leather and pure juice. Just one little square on an empty stomach is targeted nutritional power Noni clinical trials to see exactly how it boosts the quality of life in cancer patients are in beginning stages under the direction of Brian Issell, M.D., from the University of Hawaii. Issell is executing an early phase scientific test to find out whether or not noni is safe. Thus far, every amo
Tahitian noni juice is among the best selling fruit juice supplements on the modern market. Literally, a bottle of Tahitian noni juice is sold every two seconds. That would certainly sound like the definition of a very popular beverage! Not all bottles or brands are identical. Some may be 100% pure Tahitian noni juice or otherwise a combination blend of noni juice mixed with other types of fruit juices alon…
It is believed that the Noni tree (MORINDA CITRIFOLIA) originated in Southeast Asia about two thousand years ago. Since that time, the precious fruit of the Noni tree has been distributed throughout the tropical islands of the South Pacific and French Polynesia. Volcanic Islands such as Tahiti provide ideal growing conditions for Noni, with the tropical climate and the volcanic soil so rich in minerals.
With the arrival of a little member in your family, it’s a completely joyous and exciting atmosphere in your house. With this, comes the responsibility of taking care of your baby and that’s many a times stressful, especially….
A famous epidemiology expert points out: the French like to eat food that is rich in fat and their average cholesterol figure is lower than that of other countries, but their death proportion of heart disease is the lowest among developed countries. The secret lies in wine. Such beverage is effective in health care.
Nothing is healthier than preparing your favorite smoothie at home. For this you need to have a smoothie blender which can do the job for you every time you want to savor a fresh smoothie.
If you’ve ever wondered what Fair Trade products are, read this article about how Fair Trade standards benefit small-scale farms and plantations in ‘third-world’ developing nations.
When you go to bars, pubs, nightclubs and taverns there you will find bartenders in service. Bartenders usually mix and serve drink to customers. Majority of drinks they make contain alcohol such as wine, liquor, beer, coolers and cocktails.
How beneficial is it use Noni juice? Is Noni juice nutrition good for our health? How to buy it online and what are the things which should be taken into consideration while making the purchase? Explore the answers here in the article…
The Fijian Noni drink has been such a success that Frezco Beverages are now one of the world’s largest producers of natural Noni products with the range not only including the popular juice drink, but now also Noni Teabags, Noni Capsules for pure medicinal use and even Noni Soap !
The Fijian Noni drink has been such a success that Frezco Beverages are now one of the world’s largest producers of natural Noni products with the range not only including the popular juice drink, but now also Noni Teabags, Noni Capsules for pure medicinal use and even Noni Soap !
Several centuries BC: (Relief carvings made at this time show Assyrian soldiers crossing rivers using inflated goatskin floats. Several modern authors have wrongly said that the floats were crude breathing sets and that they show frogmen in action.)
Ancient Roman and Greek times, etc.: There have been many instances of men swimming or diving for combat, but they always had to hold their breath, and had no diving equipment, except sometimes a hollow plant stem used as a snorkel. See this link (in Portuguese).
About 500 BC: (Information originally from Herodotus): During a naval campaign the Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner by the Persian King Xerxes I. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to attack a Greek flotilla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis surfaced at night and made his way among all the ships in Xerxes’s fleet, cutting each ship loose from its moorings; he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved. Then he swam nine miles (15 kilometers) to rejoin the Greeks off Cape Artemisium.
The use of diving bells is recorded by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC: “…they enable the divers to respire equally well by letting down a cauldron, for this does not fill with water, but retains the air, for it is forced straight down into the water.”
1300 or earlier: Persian divers were using diving goggles with windows made of the polished outer layer of tortoiseshell.
15th century: Leonardo da Vinci made the first known mention of air tanks in Italy: he wrote in his Atlantic Codex (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan) that systems were used at that time to artificially breathe under water, but he did not explain them in detail due to what he described as “bad human nature”, that would have taken advantage of this technique to sink ships and even commit murders. Some drawings, however, showed different kinds of snorkels and an air tank (to be carried on the breast) that presumably should have no external connections. Other drawings showed a complete immersion kit, with a plunger suit which included a sort of mask with a box for air. The project was so detailed that it included a urine collector, too.
1531: Guglielmo de Lorena dives on two of Caligula’s sunken galleys using a diving bell from a design by Leonardo da Vinci.
1616: Franz Kessler built an improved diving bell.
Around 1620: Cornelius Drebbel may have made a crude rebreather: see Rebreather#History of rebreathers.
1650: Otto von Guericke built the first air pump.
1772: Sieur Freminet tried to build a scuba device out of a barrel, but died from lack of oxygen after 20 minutes, as he merely recycled the exhaled air untreated.
1776: David Bushnell invented the Turtle, first submarine to attack another ship. It was used in the American Revolution.
19th century
1800: Robert Fulton builds a submarine, the “Nautilus”
Diving helmets appear
1808: Brize-Fradin designed a small bell-like helmet connected to a low-pressure backpack air container .
1820: Paul Lemaire d’Augerville (a Parisian dentist) invented and made a diving apparatus with a copper backpack cylinder, and with a counter-lung to save air, and with an inflatable lifejacket connected. It was used down to 15 or 20 meters for up to an hour in salvage work. He started a successful salvage company .
1825: William H. James designed a self contained diving suit that had compressed air in an iron container worn around the waist.
1827: Beaudouin in France developed a diving helmet fed from an air cylinder pressurized to 80 to 100 bars. The French Navy was interested, but nothing came of this.
1829: Charles Anthony Deane and John Deane of Whitstable in Kent in England design the first air-pumped diving helmet for use with a diving suit. It is said that the idea started from a crude emergency rig-up of a fireman’s water-pump (used as an air pump) and a knight-in-armour helmet used to try to rescue horses from a burning stable. Others say that it was based on earlier work in 1823 developing a “smoke helmet”. However the suit was not attached to the helmet, so a diver could not bend over or invert without risk of flooding the helmet and drowning. Nevertheless, the diving system is used in salvage work, including the successful removal of cannon from the British warship HMS Royal George in 1834-35. This 108-gun fighting ship sank in 65 feet of water at Spithead anchorage in 1783.
1829: E.K.Gauzen, a Russian naval technician of Kronshtadt naval base (a district of Saint Petersburg), offers a “diving machine”. His invention was an air-pumped metallic helmet strapped to a leather suit (an overall). The bottom of the helmet is open. The helmet is strapped to the leather suit by metallic tape. Gauzen’s diving suit and its further modifications were used by the Russian Navy until 1880. The modified diving suit of the Russian Navy, based on Gauzen’s invention, was known as “three-bolt equipment”.
1837: Following up Leonardo’s studies, and those of Halley the astronomer, Augustus Siebe develops standard diving dress, a sort of surface supplied diving apparatus.
1837 By attaching the Deane brothers helmet to a suit, Augustus Siebe develops the Siebe “Closed” Dress combination diving helmet and suit, considered the foundation of modern diving dress. This was a significant evolution from previous models of “open” dress that did not allow a diver to invert. (Siebe-Gorman went on to manufacture helmets continuously until 1975).
The first diving regulator
1838: Dr. Manuel Guillaumet invented a twin-hose demand regulator. It was demonstrated used as surface-demand. Use duration was limited to 30 minutes by diving in cold water without a diving suit.
1839 Canadian inventors James Eliot and Alexander McAvity of Saint John, New Brunswick patent an “oxygen reservoir for divers”, a device carried on the diver’s back containing “a quantity of condensed oxygen gas or common atmospheric air proportionate to the depth of water and adequate to the time he is intended to remain below”.
1839: W.H.Thornthwaite of Hoxton in London patented an inflatable lifting jacket for divers .
Around 1842: The Frenchman Joseph Cabirol starts making standard diving dress.
1843: Based on lessons learned from the Royal George salvage, the first diving school is set-up by the Royal Navy.
1849: Saint-Simon-Sicard (a chemist) made the first practical oxygen rebreather. It was demonstrated in London in 1854 .
1856: Wilhelm Bauer starts the first of 133 successful dives with his second submarine Seeteufel. The crew of 12 was trained to leave the submerged ship through a diving chamber.
1860: Giovanni Luppis, a retired engineer of the Austro-Hungarian navy, demonstrates a design for a self-propelled torpedo to emperor Franz Joseph.
1863: H.L. Hunley becomes the first submarine to sink a ship, the USS Housatonic, during the American Civil War.
Diving set by Rouquayrol and Denayrouze with barrel-shaped bailout air tank on the diver’s back
1865: Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze design a diving set with a backpack spherical air tank that supplied air through the first known demand regulator. The diver still walked on the seabed and did not swim. This set was called an arophore (Greek for “air-carrier”). But air pressure tanks made with the technology of the time could only hold 30 atmospheres, and the diver had to be surface supplied; the tank was for bailout. The durations of 6 to 8 hours on a tankful without external supply recorded for the Rouquayrol set in the book Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, are wildly exaggerated fiction. Judging by Jules Verne’s inaccurate attempts in the book at describing how the Rouquayrol set worked, how the demand regulator works was not generally known or had already been forgotten when he wrote the book, which was published in 1870. But Jules Verne knew about the tendency of some divers, when surfacing into rain, to want to stay underwater to keep out of the rain.
1866: Minenschiff, the first self-propelled (locomotive) torpedo, developed by Robert Whitehead (to a design by Captain Luppis, Austrian Navy), is demonstrated for the imperial naval commission on December 21.
Gas and air cylinders appear
Late 19th century: Industry begins to be able to make high-pressure air and gas cylinders. That prompted a few inventors down the years to design open-circuit compressed air breathing sets, but they were all constant-flow, and the demand regulator did not come back until 1939.
1876: An English merchant seaman, Henry Fleuss, develops the first workable self-contained diving rig that uses compressed oxygen. This prototype of closed-circuit scuba uses rope soaked in caustic potash to absorb carbon dioxide so the exhaled gas can be re-breathed.
1893: Louis Boutan invents the first underwater camera.
Decompression sickness becomes a problem
1841: First documented case of decompression sickness occurs, reported by a mining engineer who observed pain and muscle cramps among coal miners working in mine shafts air-pressurized to keep water out.
1870: Bauer publishes outcomes of 25 paralyzed caisson workers.
From 1870 to 1910 all prominent symptoms/causes will be established: explanations at the time included: cold or exhaustion causing reflex spinal cord damage; electricity caused by friction on compression; or organ congestion and vascular stasis caused by decompression.
1871: The St Louis Eads Bridge employs 352 compressed air workers including Dr. Alphonse Jaminet as the physician in charge. There were 30 seriously injured and 12 fatalities. Dr. Jaminet himself suffered a case of decompression sickness when he ascended to the surface in four minutes after spending almost three hours at a depth of 95 feet in a caisson, and his description of his own experience was the first such recorded.
1872: The similarity between decompression sickness and iatrogenic air embolism as well as the relationship between inadequate decompression and decompression sickness is noted by Friedburg. He suggested that intravascular gas was released by rapid decompression and recommended: slow compression and decompression; four hour working shifts; limit to maximum depth 44.1 psig (4 ATA); using only healthy workers; and recompression treatment for severe cases.
1873: Dr. Andrew Smith first utilizes the term “caisson disease” describing 110 cases of decompression sickness as the physician in charge during construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. The project employed 600 compressed air workers. Recompression treatment was not used. The project chief engineer Washington Roebling suffered from caisson disease. (He took charge after his father John Augustus Roebling died of tetanus.) Washington’s wife, Emily, helped manage the construction of the bridge after his sickness confined him to his home in Brooklyn. He battled the after-effects of the disease for the rest of his life. During this project, decompression sickness became known as “The [Grecian] Bends” because afflicted individuals characteristically arched their backs: this is possibly reminiscent of a then fashionable women’s dance maneuver known as the Grecian Bend.
1878: Paul Bert Publishes La Pression barometrique, providing the first systematic understanding of the causes of DCS.
20th century
1900: John P. Holland builds the first submarine to be formally commissioned by the U.S. Navy, Holland (also called A-1).
1900: ## Leonard Hill uses a frog model to prove that decompression causes bubbles and that recompression resolves them.
1903: Siebe Gorman starts to make a submarine escape set in England; in the years afterwards it was improved, and later was called the Davis Escape Set or Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus.
1905 Several sources, including the 1991 US Navy Dive Manual (pg 1-8), state that the MK V Deep Sea Diving Dress was designed by the Bureau of Construction & Repair in 1905, but in reality, the 1905 Navy Handbook shows British Siebe-Gorman helmets in use. Since the earliest know MK V is dated 1916, these sources are probably referring to the earlier MK I, MK II, MK III & MK IV Morse and Schrader helmets.
1905: The first rebreather with metering valves to control the supply of oxygen is made.
1907: Draeger of Lbeck makes a rebreather called the U-Boot-Retter. = “submarine rescuer”.
1908: ## Arthur Boycott, Guybon Damant, and John Haldane publish “The Prevention of Compressed-Air Illness”, detailed studies on the cause and symptoms of decompression sickness, and propose a table of decompression stops to avoid the effects.
1908: ## The Admiralty Deep Diving Committee adopts the Haldane tables for the Royal Navy, and publish Haldane’s diving tables to the general public.
1912: ## US Navy adopts the decompression tables published by Haldane, Boycott and Damant. Driven by Chief Gunner George Stillson, the navy sets up a program to test tables and staged decompression based on the work of Haldane.
1913 The Navy also begins developing the future MK V, influenced by Schrader and Morse designs.
1915 The submarine USS F-4 is salvaged from 304 feet establishing the practical limits for air diving. Three US Navy divers, Frank W. Crilley, William F. Loughman, and Nielson, reached 304 fsw using the MK V dress.
1916 With the addition of a battery-powered telephone, the design of the MK V is finalized however, several more design improvements are made over the next two years.
1916: The Draeger model DM 2 becomes standard equipment of the German Navy.
1917 The Bureau of Construction & Repair introduces the MK V helmet and dress, which then becomes the standard for US Navy diving until the introduction of the MK 12 in the late seventies
1918: Ohgushi (he was Japanese) patents “Ohgushi’s Peerless Respirator”. It was a constant-flow diving and industrial open-circuit breathing set. The user breathed through his nose and switched the air on and off with his teeth.
Around 1920: Hanseatischen Apparatebau-Gesellschaft make a 2-cylinder breathing apparatus with double-lever single-stage demand valve and single wide corrugated breathing tube with mouthpiece, and a “duck’s beak” exhalent valve in the regulator. It was described in a mine rescue handbook in 1930. They were successors to Ludwig von Bremen of Kiel, who had the licence to make the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus in Germany .
1924 Yves le Prieur invented a hand-controlled self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. It delivered air at constant pressure without a demand regulator. He first experimented with it in 1926.
1926: Draeger displayed a rescue breathing apparatus that the wearer could swim with. While the previous devices served only for ascending to the surface and were designed also to develop lift so that the wearer arrived at the surface without swimming movements, the diving set had weights, which also made it possible to dive down with it, to search and save after an accident.
1937: US Navy publishes its revised diving tables based on the work of O.D. Yarbrough.
Swim-diving starts
The 1930s:
In France, Guy Gilpatrick starts swim diving with waterproof goggles, derived from swimming goggles (which were originally intended to keep salt water out of the eyes at the surface).
Sport spearfishing became common in the Mediterranean, and spearfishers gradually developed the common sport diving mask and fins and snorkel, with mostly Georges Beuchat in Marseille, France, which created the speargun and the 1st isothermic wetsuit, and Italian sport spearfishers started using oxygen rebreathers. This practice came to the attention of the Italian Navy, which developed its frogman unit Decima Flottiglia MAS using oxygen rebreathers and manned torpedoes, playing a large role in World War II.
1933:
In France, Louis de Corlieu patents the first swimming swimfins.
In San Diego, California, the first sport diving club is started, called the Bottom Scratchers. As far as it is known, it did not use breathing sets; its main aim was spearfishing.
More is known of Yves Le Prieur’s constant-flow open-circuit breathing set. It is said that it could allow a 20 minute stay at 7 meters and 15 minutes at 15 meters. It has one cylinder feeding into a circular fullface mask. Its air cylinder was often worn at an angle to get its on/off valve in reach of the diver’s hand; this would have caused an awkward skew drag in swimming.
1934:
In France, establishment of Beuchat, oldest scuba diving and spearfishing company in the world,
In France a sport diving club is started, called the Club des Sous-l’Eau. It did not use breathing sets as far as is known. Its main aim was spearfishing.
Otis Barton and William Beebe dive to 3028 feet using a bathysphere.
1935: The French Navy adopts the Le Prieur breathing set.
1936: On the French Riviera, the first known sport scuba diving club started. It used Le Prieur’s breathing sets.
1937: The American Diving Equipment and Salvage Company (now known as DESCO) develops a heavy bottom-walking-type diving suit with a self-contained mixed-gas helium and oxygen rebreather.
1937: ## US Navy publishes its revised diving tables based on the work of O.D. Yarbrough.
1939: Hans Hass developed from the escape set a type of rebreather with its bag on his back and two breathing tubes but no backpack box. These sets appear much in his movies and books.
1954: Underwater hockey (octopush) is invented by four navy sub-aqua divers in Southsea who got bored swimming up and down and wanted a fun way to keep fit.
The diving regulator reappears
1937: Georges Commeinhes developed a two-cylinder open-circuit apparatus with demand regulator. The regulator was a big rectangular box between the cylinders. Some were made, but WWII interrupted development.
World War II
1939: Georges Commeinhes offers his breathing set to the French Navy, which could not continue developing uses for it because of WWII.
July 1943: Commeinhes reached 53 meters (about 174 feet) using his breathing set off the coast of Marseille.
1944: Commeinhes died in the liberation of Strasbourg in Alsace. His invention was submerged by Cousteau’s invention.
Christian J. Lambertsen of the United States designed a ‘Self-Contained Underwater Oxygen Breathing Apparatus’ for the U.S. military. It was a rebreather. It was the first device to be called SCUBA.
Various nations use frogmen equipped with rebreathers for some of the best known and most spectacular war actions: see Human torpedo.
Hans Hass later said that during WWII the German diving gear firm Drger offered him an open-circuit scuba set with a demand regulator. It may have been a separate invention, or it may have been copied from a captured Commeinhes-type set.
1943: Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invent and make an open-circuit diving breathing set, using a demand regulator which Gagnan modified from a demand regulator used to let a petrol-driven car run on a big bag of coal-gas carried on its roof during wartime shortages of petrol. Cousteau had his first dives with it. He made two more aqualungs: there were now 3, one each for Cousteau and his first two diving companions Frdric Dumas and Taillez. His aqualung remained a secret until the south of France was liberated. This type of breathing set was later named the “Aqua-Lung”. This word is correctly a tradename that goes with the Cousteau-Gagnan patent, but in Britain it has been commonly used as a generic and spelt “aqualung” since at least the 1950s, including in the BSAC’s publications and training manuals, and describing scuba diving as “aqualunging”.
Early 1944: the USA government, to try to stop men from being drowned in sunken army tanks, asked the company Mine Safety Appliances (MSA) for a suitable small escape breathing set. MSA provided a small open-circuit breathing set with a small (5 to 7 liters) air cylinder, a circular demand regulator with a two-lever system similar to Cousteau’s design (connected to the cylinder by a nut and cone nipple connection), and one corrugated wide breathing tube connected to a mouthpiece. This set was stated to be made from made from “off-the-shelf” items, which shows that MSA had that regulator design before; also, that regulator looks like the result of development and not a prototype; it may have arisen around 1943. In an example recovered in 2003 form a submerged Sherman tank in the Bay of Naples the cylinder was bound round in tape and tied to a lifejacket. These sets were too late for the D-day landings in June 1944, but were used in the invasion of the south of France and in the South Pacific war.
1944: In October, Frdric Dumas reaches 62 meters (about 200 feet) with a Cousteau aqualung.
1945: Cousteau’s first aqualung is destroyed by a mis-aimed artillery shell in an Allied landing on the French Riviera: that left two. Afterwards, he had more aqualungs made and gathered more men and taught them to aqualung dive. In Toulon he started an unofficial mine-clearing and wreck-clearing unit. Later this unit was made official. One of the men who he trained was Broussard, who founded the first post-WWII scuba diving club, the Club Alpin Sous-Marin.
Postwar
The public first hears about frogmen.
The first known underwater diving club in Britain, “The Amphibians Club”, is formed in Aberdeen by Ivor Howitt (who modified an old civilian gas mask) and some friends. They called underwater diving “fathomeering”, to distinguish from jumping into water .
1946:
Cousteau-type aqualungs go on sale in France.
Yves Le Prieur invents a new version of his breathing set. Its fullface mask’s front plate was loose in its seating and acted as a very big, and therefore, very sensitive diaphragm for a demand regulator: see Diving regulator#Demand valve.
The Cave Diving Group (CDG) is formed in Britain.
1948: Auguste Piccard sends the first bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, on unmanned dives.
Siebe Gorman and/or Heinke start making Cousteau-type aqualungs in England. Captain Trevor Hampton had a dive with one. Siebe Gorman and the Royal Navy expected aqualungs to be used with weighted boots for bottom-walking for light commercial diving: see Aqua-lung#”Tadpoles”.
Ted Eldred in Australia starts designing the first open-circuit single-hose scuba set known: see Porpoise (make of scuba gear).
Georges Beuchat in France creates the first surface buoy.
1948 or 1949: Rene’s Sporting Goods shop in California imports aqualungs from France. Hollywood sees them and gets interested.
1949: Otis Barton makes record dive to 4,500 feet in his Benthoscope.
1950: Cousteau-type aqualungs go on sale (but very expensive) to industry and civilians in Britain. Siebe Gorman made it at Chessington.
A British naval diving manual printed soon after this said that the aqualung is to be used for walking on the bottom with a heavy diving suit and weighted boots, and did not mention Cousteau.
A report to Cousteau said that only 10 aqualung sets had been sent to the USA because the market there was saturated.
The first camera housing called Tarzan is released by Georges Beuchat,
1951: The movie “The Frogmen” is released. It is set in the Pacific Ocean in WWII. In its last 20 minutes, it shows USA frogmen, using bulky 3-cylindered aqualungs on a combat mission. This equipment use is anachronistic (in reality they would have used rebreathers), but it shows that aqualungs were available (even if not widely known of) in the USA in 1951.
1951: The US Navy starts to develop wetsuits, but not known to the public. .
1951: In December, the first issue of Skin Diver Magazine (USA) appears. The magazine ran until November 2002.
Cousteau-type aqualungs go on sale in Canada.
1952: Cousteau-type aqualungs go on sale in the USA.
Ted Eldred in Australia starts making for public sale the Porpoise (make of scuba gear). This was the world’s first commercially available single-hose scuba unit and was the forerunner of most sport SCUBA equipment produced today.
Public interest in scuba diving takes off
1953: The National Geographical Society Magazine publishes an article about Cousteau’s underwater archaeology at Grand Conglou island near Marseille, and in French-speaking countries a diving film called paves (Shipwrecks) came out. That started a massive public demand for aqualungs and diving gear, and in France and America the diving gear makers started making them as fast as they could. But in Britain Siebe Gorman and Heinke kept aqualungs expensive, and restrictions on exporting currency stopped people from importing them. Many British sport divers used home-made constant-flow breathing sets and ex-armed forces or ex-industrial rebreathers. In the early 1950s, diving regulators made by Siebe Gorman cost 15, which was an average week’s salary.
After the supply of war-surplus frogman’s drysuits ran out, free-swimming diving suits were not readily available to the general public, and as a result many scuba divers dived with their skin bare except for swimming trunks. That is why scuba diving used often to be called skindiving. Others dived in homemade drysuits, or in thick layers of ordinary clothes.
After the supply of war-surplus frogman’s fins dried up, for a long time fins were not available to the public, and some had to resort to such things as gluing marine ply to plimsoles.
Captain Trevor Hampton founds the British Underwater Centre at Dartmouth in Devon in England.
Rene’s Sporting Goods shop (now owned by Spirotechnique) becomes U.S. Divers, now a leading maker of diving equipment.
Georges Beuchat in Marseille, France invent and release the first isothermic wetsuit.
15 October 1953: The BSAC is founded.
1954: USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, is launched.
The first manned dives occur in the bathyscaphe FNRS-2.
First scuba certification course in the USA is offered by the Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation. Program created by Albert Tillman and Bev Morgan now known as LA County Scuba.
1954: In the USA, MSA advertises (in Popular Mechanics magazine) a two-cylinder aqualung-like open-circuit diving set using the MSA regulator.
1955: In Britain, “Practical Mechanics” magazine publishes an item “Making an Aqualung”.
1955: Louis Malle, a young film maker of 23, and Jacques-Yves Cousteau shoot The Silent World, one of the first films to use underwater cinematography to show the ocean depths in color.
1956: Wetsuits become available to the public.
1956: ## US Navy publishes tables that allow for repetitive diving.
Around this time, some British scuba divers start making homemade diving demand regulators from industrial parts, including Calor Gas regulators. (Since then, Calor Gas regulators have been redesigned, and this conversion is now impossible.)
Later, Submarine Products Ltd in Hexham in Northumberland, England designed round the Cousteau-Gagnan patent and made sport diving breathing sets accessibly cheap. This forced Siebe Gorman’s and Heinke’s prices down and started them selling to the sport diving trade. (Siebe Gorman gave its drysuit the tradename “Frogman”.) Because of this better availability of aqualungs, BSAC’s policy towards rebreathers became merely “Here be dragons: keep out!” and remained so for a long time. In the USA, some oxygen diving clubs developed down the years. Eventually, the Cousteau-Gagnan patent time-expired and any firm could legally copy it.
1956: The Silent World receives an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, and the Palme d’Or award at the Cannes Film Festival.
1957: The television series Sea Hunt begins. It introduces scuba diving to the television audience. It ran until 1961.
1958: USS Nautilus completes the first ever voyage under the polar ice to the North Pole and back.
1958: The CMAS (World Underwater Federation) is founded in Brussels.
1959: NAUI is founded by Albert Tillman and Neal Hess.
1960: Jacques Piccard and Lieutenant Don Walsh, USN, descend to the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the deepest known point in the ocean (about 10900m or 35802 feet = 6.78 miles) in the bathyscaphe Trieste: see at this link andthis link
USS Triton completed the first ever underwater circumnavigation of the world.
In Italy, sport diving oxygen rebreathers continued to be made well into the 1960s.
1964: in France, Georges Beuchat create the Jetfins, first vented fins.
1965: ## Robert D. Workman of the U.S. Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) publishes an equation for computing decompression requirements suitable for implementing in a dive computer, rather than a pre-computed table.
The film version of James Bond in Thunderball (using both sorts of open-circuit scuba) is released and helps to make scuba diving popular.
1966: PADI starts.
1968: First known rebreather with electronic parts is made: the Electrolung.
1971: Scubapro introduces the Stabilization Jacket, now in England commonly called stab jacket, and elsewhere Buoyancy Control (or Compensation) Device (BC or BCD).
1972: Scubapro introduces the decompression meter (the first analogic dive computer).
1976: ## Professor Albert A. Bhlmann publishes his work extending the equations to adapt to diving at altitude and with complex gas mixes.
1983: The Orca Edge (the first electronic dive computer) is introduced.
1985: The wreck of RMS Titanic is found. Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747 aircraft, is found and salvaged off Cork, Ireland during the first large scale deep water (6,200 feet) air crash investigation.
1989: The film The Abyss (including an as-yet-fictional deep-sea liquid-breathing set) helps to make scuba diving popular.
The Communist Bloc falls and the Cold War ends (see Fall of Communism and Collapse of the Soviet Union), and with it the risk of future attack by Communist Bloc forces including by their combat divers. After that, the world’s armed forces had less reason to requisition rebreather patents submitted by civilians, and sport diving automatic and semi-automatic mixture rebreathers start to appear. See “rebreather history” link below.
1995: BSAC allows Nitrox diving and introduced Nitrox training.
1996: PADI releases their Enriched Air Diver Course.
1997: The film Titanic helps to make underwater trips onboard MIR submersible vehicles popular.
1998 August: Dives on RMS Titanic occur using Remotely Operated Vehicle controlled from the surface (Magellan 725). First ever live video broadcast from the sunken White Star liner is made.
1999 July: The Liberty Bell 7 Mercury spacecraft is raised from 16,043 feet (4891 m) of water in the Atlantic Ocean during the deepest commercial search and recovery operation to date.
2001 December: The BSAC allows rebreathers to be used in BSAC dives.
Notes
^ Entries marked ## are about decompression tables.
^ Arthur J. Bachrach, “History of the Diving Bell”, Historical Diving Times, Iss. 21 (Spring 1998)
^ a b c d e f g h Acott, C. (1999). “A brief history of diving and decompression illness.”. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
^ a b c d e Historical Diving Society magazine issue 45, page 37
^ Edmonds, Carl; Lowry, C; Pennefather, John. “History of diving.”. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 5 (2). http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5894. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
^ Mario Theriault, Great Maritime Inventions 1833-1950, Goose Lane, 2001, p. 46
^ a b Quick, D. (1970). “A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus”. Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. RANSUM-1-70. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
^ a b Butler WP (2004). “Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: A review”. Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (4): 44559. PMID 15686275. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4028. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
^ Bert, P. (originally published 1878). “Barometric Pressure: researches in experimental physiology”. Translated by: Hitchcock MA and Hitchcock FA. College Book Company; 1943.
^ Boycott, A. E.; G. C. C. Damant, J. S. Haldane. (1908). “Prevention of compressed air illness”. J. Hygiene 8: 342443. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7489. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
^ a b c d e Carter Jr, R. C. (1977). “Pioneering Inner Space: The Navy Experimental Diving Unit’s First 50 Years”. US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report NEDU-1-77. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4799. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
^ Historical Diving Society magazine issue 45, page 43
^ Vann RD (2004). “Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology”. Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (1): 2131. PMID 15233157. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3987. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
^ Butler FK (2004). “Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy”. Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (1): 320. PMID 15233156. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3986. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
^ a b Historical Diving Times, issue #44 (summer 2008), pages 5-12
^ Fulton, H. T.; Welham W., Dwyer J. V., Dobbins, R. F. (1952). “Preliminary Report on Protection Against Cold Water”. US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report NEDU-5-52. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3387. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
^ Valentine, R. BSAC: The Club 1953-2003. BSAC. ISBN 9780953891955.
^ a b c BSAC. “Section 1.1 A Brief History of the British Sub-Aqua Club”. BSAC. http://www.bsac.org/page/52/11-brief-history-of-bsac.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ “LA County Scuba” (in en-US). LACountyScuba.com. http://www.lacountyscuba.com/. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
^ Workman, R. D. (1965). “Calculation of Decompression Schedules for Nitrogen-Oxygen and Helium-Oxygen Dives”. US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report NEDU-6-65. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3367. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
^ Bni M., Schibli R., Nussberger P., Bhlmann Albert A. (1976). “Diving at diminished atmospheric pressure: air decompression tables for different altitudes”. Undersea Biomedical Research 3 (3): 189204. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 969023. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2750. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
^ Allen, C (1996). “BSAC gives the OK to nitrox. reprinted from Diver 1995; 40(5) May: 35-36.”. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 26 (4). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6275. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
^ Richardson, D and Shreeves, K (1996). “The PADI Enriched Air Diver course and DSAT oxygen exposure limits.”. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 26 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6310. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
References
Mark Lonsdale, The Evolution of US Navy Diving.
Other diving history timelines (external links)
There are other diving history chronologies at:
Diving Lore from its origins to the aqualung breakthrough.
rebreather history
hem.passagen.se
marinebio.org
BSAC info
Rebreather Diving History
Museum of old scuba gear
History of Cave Diving
Categories: Technology timelines | Underwater divingHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2009 | All articles needing additional references
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